Fig. 4

(a) Normal calving. Disposition of the calf: anterior presentation, dorsal position, normal posture; (b–d) Dystocias. (b) Anterior presentation, dorsal position, bilateral elbow flexion posture; (c) Anterior presentation, dorsal position, unilateral carpal flexion posture of the left forelimb; (d) Anterior presentation, dorsal position, bilateral shoulder flexion posture