Determination of reference values and frequency of occurrence of patella alta in German shepherd dogs: a retrospective study

Table 3 Length of the patella and patellar ligament measured in mm in German shepherd dogs (n = 115)

	Mean in all animals	Standard deviation in all animals (±)
PLLm^a	48.53	4.54
PLLj^b	41.85	4.78
PL^c	24.14	1.57

^aPatellar ligament length measured from the most distal part of the patella to the proximal extent of the tibial tuberosity according to [5]
^bPatellar ligament measured from the most distal part of the patella to the small indentation on the tibial tuberosity according to [2]
^cPatellar length
^dIn the group of dogs with normal patellar positions, the maximum patellar ligament length was 54.49 mm (except for one dog with a patellar ligament length of 61.16)

ISSN: 1751-0147