Fig. 4

Boxplot showing the postoperative pain scores using the Feline Grimace Scale (FGS) in the three groups. Group L: lidocaine group; Group T: tramadol group; Group LT: lidocaine/tramadol group. Time points indicate the time, measured in hours, after the time point at which each animal regained movement and sensation in its hind limbs, T1: 1 h; T3: 3 h; T6: 6 h; T12: 12 h; T24: 24 h. The ends of the whiskers show minimum and maximum score values; boxes show the median, first, and third quartiles; blue, violet, and orange “ｘ” signs show the mean values. Violet-colored dots indicate individual scores recorded after T1 from Group T cats that did not require rescue analgesia; the entire Group T was excluded from further statistical analyses after T1, but the two cats not requiring rescue analgesia continued being monitored for pain. Asterisks indicate statistical significance between groups. Hashtags indicate statistical significance within each group. P-values, #: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01