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Table 3 Physiological parameters at baseline and during surgery in the three groups

From: Comparison between the effects of epidural lidocaine, tramadol, and lidocaine–tramadol on postoperative pain in cats undergoing elective orchiectomy

  

Group L

Group T

Group LT

Statistics between groups

Multiple comparison analysis

(°C)

BV

38.2 ± 0.4

38.2 (37.8–39.0)

38.7 ± 0.1

38.7 (38.5–38.8)

38.5 ± 0.4

38.50 (37.8–39.0)

p = 0.0693

 

5 min

37.8 ± 0.5

37.9 (37.2–38.8)

38.5 ± 0.2

38.6 (38.3–38.7)

38.3 ± 0.5

38.4 (37.6–38.8)

p = 0.0151

LvsT: p < 0.05

10 min

37.7 ± 0.5

37.8 (37.2–38.7)

38.3 ± 0.2

38.3 (38.0-38.6)

38.2 ± 0.5

38.3 (37.40–38.70)

p = 0.0596

 

15 min

37.6 ± 0.5

37.6 (37.0-38.6)

38.1 ± 0.2

38.0 (37.8–38.4)

38.1 ± 0.4

38.2 (37.4–38.5)

p = 0.0537

 

20 min

37.5 ± 0.5

37.4 (37.0-38.5)

37.9 ± 0.1

38.0(37.7–38.1)

37.9 ± 0.4

38.0 (37.2–38.4)

p = 0.0697

 

Statistics within each group

p < 0.0001

p < 0.0001

p < 0.0001

  

 h

(Beats per minute)

BV

175.4 ± 6.0

175 (168–185)

163.4 ± 8.4

162 (150–174)

146.0 ± 12.6

146 (130–170)

p < 0.0001

LvsT: p < 0.05

LvsLT: p < 0.0001

TvsLT: p < 0.01

5 min

132.9 ± 4.4

132 (128–140)

140.0 ± 17.0

130 (120–162)

132.3 ± 13.3

130 (118–158)

p = 0.4642

 

10 min

129.0 ± 4.6

128 (124–136)

127.6 ± 19.6

120 (110–155)

120.6 ± 10.7

120 (110–142)

p = 0.4559

 

15 min

128.1 ± 4.8

128 (122–135)

118.6 ± 14.6

120 (100–140)

119.1 ± 10.3

120 (110–138)

p = 0.0535

 

20 min

127.0 ± 4.4

128 (120–132)

118.6 ± 14.6

110 (100–140)

114.9 ± 10.7

116 (100–134)

p = 0.1251

 

Statistics within each group

p < 0.0001

p < 0.0001

p < 0.0001

  

RR

(Breaths per minute)

BV

62.0 ± 6.8

62 (50–70)

50.1 ± 9.9

48 (40–66)

61.4 ± 8.1

66 (50–70)

p = 0.0262

LvsT: p < 0.05

TvsLT: p < 0.05

5 min

31.4 ± 2.9

32 (28–35)

43.1 ± 9.4

40 (30–60)

52.0 ± 6.7

50 (44–60)

p = 0.0001

LvsT:p < 0.05

LvsLT: p < 0.0001

TvsLT: p < 0.05

10 min

28.7 ± 2.5

28 (26–33)

38.9 ± 9.4

34 (30–58)

49.1 ± 5.5

48 (42–58)

p < 0.0001

LvsT: p < 0.05

LvsLT: p < 0.0001

TvsLT: p < 0.05

15 min

26.6 ± 2.5

28 (24–30)

36.0 ± 6.7

34 (28–50)

45.9 ± 6.5

48 (38–55)

p < 0.0001

LvsT: p < 0.01

LvsLT: p < 0.0001

TvsLT: p < 0.01

20 min

26.0 ± 2.8

26 (22–30)

32.3 ± 3.9

32 (28–40)

43.1 ± 4.7

44 (38–50)

p < 0.0001

LvsT: p < 0.01

LvsLT: p < 0.0001

TvsLT: p < 0.001

Statistics within each group

p < 0.0001

p < 0.0001

p < 0.0001

  

SpO2

(%)

5 min

98.0 ± 1.3

98 (96–100)

97.0 ± 1.6

96 (95–99)

97.1 ± 1.7

97 (95–100)

p = 0.4398

 

10 min

97.4 ± 1.9

98 (94–100)

97.6 ± 1.4

98 (96–100)

97.9 ± 1.5

98 (96–100)

p = 0.8792

 

15 min

98.1 ± 0.9

98 (97–99)

97.3 ± 1.8

98 (95–100)

98.0 ± 1.1

98 (96–99)

p = 0.4550

 

20 min

98.0 ± 0.8

98 (97–99)

97.7 ± 1.1

98 (96–99)

97.6 ± 1.3

98 (96–99)

p = 0.7562

 

Statistics within each group

p = 0.5433

p = 0.6557

p = 0.6586

  

SAP

(mmHg)

5 min

142.0 ± 4.4

140 (138–150)

142.4 ± 3.6

143 (138–148)

142.6 ± 4.6

140 (138–150)

p = 0.9656

 

10 min

141.9 ± 7.0

142 (132–154)

141.3 ± 4.7

141 (135–150)

140.0 ± 3.0

140 (136–146)

p = 0.7911

 

15 min

142.1 ± 8.3

142 (128–156)

140.3 ± 6.7

140 (132–154)

138.1 ± 2.5

138 (134–141)

p = 0.5077

 

20 min

142.0 ± 6.9

142 (130–152)

141.9 ± 7.4

140 (132–152)

138.0 ± 5.9

136 (128–146)

p = 0.4688

 

25 min

141.1 ± 5.6

140 (135–148)

140.3 ± 7.4

140 (130–150)

136.3 ± 3.5

135 (134–144)

p = 0.2661

 

Statistics within each group

p = 0.9599

p = 0.8320

p = 0.0841

  

MAP

(mmHg)

5 min

91.6 ± 3.8

91 (87–98)

91.0 ± 3.0

91 (86–96)

89.9 ± 2.6

90 (86–94)

p = 0.5966

 

10 min

90.9 ± 1.9

90 (88–94)

89.9 ± 2.3

89 (88–94)

88.4 ± 2.4

88 (85–92)

p = 0.1573

 

15 min

89.1 ± 1.9

90 (86–92)

89.4 ± 2.5

90 (86–94)

88.4 ± 3.1

89 (84–93)

p = 0.7571

 

20 min

88.9 ± 1.9

90 (86–91)

88.4 ± 1.4

88 (86–90)

88.1 ± 1.5

88 (86–90)

p = 0.7036

 

25 min

88.6 ± 2.1

88 (86–92)

88.6 ± 2.1

88 (85–92)

88.0 ± 2.1

88 (85–90)

p = 0.8463

 

Statistics within each group

p = 0.0924

p = 0.0685

p = 0.3652

  

DAP

(mmHg)

5 min

71.0 ± 5.0

70 (65–78)

69.3 ± 1.5

69 (68–72)

70.6 ± 4.0

70 (66–78)

p = 0.6866

 

10 min

71.4 ± 8.5

70 (60–85)

69.9 ± 2.8

70 (65–74)

70.4 ± 3.2

71 (65–75)

p = 0.8643

 

15 min

71.3 ± 5.5

68 (66–78)

70.1 ± 2.5

70 (66–73)

69.1 ± 2.3

70 (66–73)

p = 0.5717

 

20 min

70.6 ± 5.3

68 (64–78)

69.4 ± 2.1

70 (65–72)

69.6 ± 2.6

68 (68–75)

p = 0.0637

 

25 min

70.4 ± 3.9

70 (65–77)

68.7 ± 2.3

70 (66–72)

69.4 ± 2.1

70 (66–73)

p = 0.6012

 

Statistics within each group

p = 0.9214

p = 0.5364

p = 0.6285

  
  1. T°: body temperature; HR: heart rate; RR: respiratory rate; SpO2: arterial oxygen saturation SAP; systolic arterial blood pressure; MAP: mean arterial blood pressure; DAP: diastolic arterial blood pressure; Group L: lidocaine group; Group T: tramadol group; Group LT: lidocaine/tramadol group. BV: baseline values; 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 min: intraoperative time point assessments measured in minutes after epidural injection. Data are shown as the mean ± standard deviation on the first line and as median (range) on the second line