Table 4 Behavioural measures in tie-stall housing system with vs. without exercise

Frequency of butts per cow per hour

0.84

0.01

0.87^***

0.34

0.52

0.05

0.64

0.87

Frequency of displacements per cow per hour

0.09

0.01

0.10

0.18

0.14

0.01

0.14^***

0.12

% cows that can be touched

70.32^***

3.01

76.91

67.08

48.79

2.76

50.45

59.39

% cows that can be approached by 50 cm but not touched

23.64

3.07

16.13

61.15

38.48

2.81

30.61^***

49.21

% cows that can be approached between 50 cm and 1 m

4.97

1.34

0.00

24.49

8.24

1.32

8.00^*

35.00

% cows that can’t be approached

1.06

0.35

0.00

6.12

4.39

0.96

2.04^*

25.00

Qualitative behaviour assessment

-4.78^**

0.21

-5.175

4.64

-5.50

0.17

-5.57

3.82