Dairy cows welfare quality in tie-stall housing system with or without access to exercise

Table 5 Descriptive statistics for principle and criteria scores in tie-stall housing system with vs. without exercise

Principles and criteria	Tie-stall housing system with exercise				Tie-stall housing system without exercise
	(n = 40)				(n = 40)
	Mean	SEM	Median	Range	Mean	SEM	Median	Range
I. Principle: Good feeding	48.14	3.18	52.90^*	59.70	35.99	3.87	37.60	59.20
Criterion: APH	63.34	4.93	58.90	79.40	62.26	4.72	52.50	82.30
Criterion: APT	51.45^*	3.26	60.00	57.00	37.20	5.10	60.00	57.00
II. Principle: Good housing	35.37	0.65	35.25^***	12.80	18.67	0.55	18.30	13.40
Criterion: CAR	39.37	1.73	37.55^***	34.60	25.65	1.41	24.70	36.60
Criterion: EM	34.00	0.00	34.00^***	0.00	15.00	0.00	15.00	0.00
III. Principle: Good health	51.26	2.53	52.20^***	59.40	32.87	1.46	31.85	36.60
Criterion: AI	63.77	1.99	63.40^***	54.50	45.06	0.85	46.75	18.10
Criterion: AD	82.36	3.02	80.25^***	69.80	60.34	3.39	65.55	58.80
Criterion: APIMP	40.05	4.52	41.00^***	87.00	21.55	3.29	13.00	87.00
IV. Principle: Appropriate behaviour	41.76	0.89	41.35^***	22.40	16.00	0.38	15.60	8.30
Criterion: ESB	99.66	0.16	100.00	3.40	100.00^*	0.00	100.00	0.00
Criterion: EOB	72.73	0.65	72.60^***	13.10	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Criterion: GHAR	80.54	1.92	83.50^***	37.70	65.78	2.20	65.90	58.80
Criterion: PES	15.85	1.26	13.05^*	29.00	11.73	0.94	11.00	20.70

^* significant statistical differences at P< 0.05.
^*** significant statistical differences at P< 0.001.
n = number of farms.
SEM = standard error of the mean.
APH Absence of prolonged hunger, APT Absence of prolonged thirst, CAR Comfort around resting, EM Ease of movement, AI Absence of injuries, AD Absence of diseases, APIMP Absence of pain induced by management procedures, ESB Expression of social behaviours, EOB Expression of other behaviours, GHAR Good human-animal relationship, PES Positive emotional state.

ISSN: 1751-0147