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Table 1 Reported equine cases of localized nasal and ocular amyloidosis

From: Nasal and ocular amyloidosis in a 15-year-old horse

Year

Authors

No cases

Type of amyloid

Method of amyloid typing

Locations

Location

Clinical signs

Concurrent diagnosis

Treatment (T)

Eye

Nose

Other

Outcome (O)

1942

Hjarre and Nordlund [[12]]

3

Unknown

ND

1

3

3

1 case larynx, guttural pouches, pharynx, trachea, lungs (bronchii), submaxillary, retropharyngeal, mesenterial and thoracic lymph nodes, conjunctiva 1 case larynx and local lymph nodes 1 case larynx

Dyspnoea and epistaxis

Case 1: Acute purulent bronchopneumonia

Euthanasia

1927 to 70

Saunders and Rubin [[19]]

3

Unknown

NR

3

  

Conjunctiva

NR

NR

NR

1987

Shaw et al. [8]

4

Unknown. Presumed AA

PS

 

4

1

1 case pharynx

Dyspnoea, reduced performance, respiratory stertor

 

T: Topical and systemic cortisone - no effect, then surgical excision,

O: Returned to former use, no recurrence for 1 year

1988

Nappert et al. [11]

2

Unknown. Presumed AL

PS

 

2

  

Dyspnoea, epistaxis

 

T: Topical cortisone,

O: No effect - euthanasia - one case. One case: NR

1988

Van Andel et al., Niewold et al.# [14],[17]

6

AL

PS, IHC* Case 1WB AAS WB, AAS

 

6

1

Case 1- nodules subcutaneously, within fasciae and muscle, superficial lymph nodes, oesophagus, synovium, ileocaceal valve, thoracic cavity

Dyspnoea, stertor, epistaxis, wasting

Case 1: Histolymphocytic lymphosarcoma

T: Case 1; none,

O: Euthanasia, Case 1,Case 2–6: NR

1989

Linke and Trautwein [13]

2

AL

IHC

 

2

  

Dyspnoea

 

T: Surgical excision

O: NR

1990

Mould et al . [[16]]

1

AL

WB, PS

1

1

  

Epistaxis and blood tinged epiphora

 

T: Surgical excision,

O: Clinical relief, no recurrence 9 month follow-up

1994

Kasper et al. [10]

2

Unknown, Presumed AL (1) AA (1)

PS

 

2

  

Dyspnoea, nasal discharge, respiratory stertor, episodic epistaxis

 

T: 1 case surgical excision, 1 case N,

O: Improvement of clinical symptoms, no recurrence 12 month follow up

2012

Portela et al. [9]

1

Unknown

ND

 

1

  

Epistaxis

 

T: Surgical excision,

O: Stable, but not in training

2012

Axiak and Johnson [15]

1

Unknown

ND

 

2

  

Exercise intolerance

NR

T: 1 case surgical excision, 1 case NR,

O: Improvement of clinical symptoms, unknown follow-up

2014

Østevik et al . (this publication)

1

Unknown, Presumed AL

IHC*

1

1

  

Dyspnoea, epiphora, conjunctivitis

Gastrophilus sp. infestation of gastric mucosa

T: Surgical excision,

O: Recurrence amyloid and extension to cornea and conjunctiva - euthanasia

  1. Cases of localized ocular and combined nasal and ocular (conjunctival) amyloidosis are in bold. Cases of ERU, in which the hallmark lesion is ciliary body amyloid deposits, are not included. PS - Potassium permanganate sensitivity, IHC - immunohistochemistry for AL amyloid, IHC*- immunohistochemistry for amyloid A amyloid, WB - western blot, ND - not done, AAS - amino acid sequencing, NR - not reported. #Amyloid from case 1 in the paper by van Andel et a l. [14] is further characterized by Niewold et al. [17] and this case is therefore not included as separate case in this table.