From: Post weaning diarrhea in pigs: risk factors and non-colistin-based control strategies
Strategies | Benefits | Limitations | References |
---|---|---|---|
Zinc oxide | Inhibition of bacterial adhesion to the intestinal mucosa | High levels increased PWD | |
Stimulated growth rate | Soil heavy metal contamination | ||
Maintained intestinal mucosal integrity | Bacterial resistance | ||
Modulated immune functions | Co-resistance | ||
Organic acids | Decreased pH in the stomach | Exact modes of action still unknown | [108] |
Improved growth performance | Anti microbial activities is different between acids | ||
Reduced PWD | |||
Prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics | Improved intestinal health | Sometimes contradictory studies on their effectiveness | |
Improved growth performance | Lack of information on the potential synergism between pre- and probiotics | ||
Reduced ETEC: F4 attachment to the ileal mucosa | |||
Reduced diarrhea | |||
Spray dried plasma (SDP) | Improved growth performance | High cost | [111] |
Reduced incidence and severity of diarrhea | Required rigorous control during the preparation process | ||
Reduced the markers of intestinal inflammation | Potential source of pathogens? | ||
Maintained mucosal integrity | |||
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) | Improved growth performance | The pharmacokinetics in vivo is unknown | |
Decreased diarrhea | Bacterial resistance | ||
Reduced the markers of intestinal inflammation | |||
Enhance immune function | |||
Cocktails of AMPs might be used to mitigate selection for resistance | |||
Specific egg yolk antibodies | Improved growth performance | High cost | [111] |
Decreased diarrhea | Antibodies are sometime not specific against the infecting ETEC strains on farms | ||
Maintained intestinal mucosal integrity | |||
Bacteriophages | Reduced E. coli mucosal adhesion | Narrow spectrum of activity | [144] |
Maintained intestinal mucosal integrity | Development of bacterial resistance | ||
Decreased diarrhea | A combination of phages is needed |