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Table 4 Cow- and herd-related variables associated with severe hock lesions (HL) in four multivariable mixed-effect logistic regression sub-models

From: Hock lesions in dairy cows in freestall herds: a cross-sectional study of prevalence and risk factors

Sub-model/variable

β

SE

OR

CI

P-value

Sub-model 1: cow-level factors (n = 936)

Breed

Swedish Holstein (SH)

Ref

    

Swedish Red (SR)

− 0.76

0.24

0.47

0.29–0.75

0.002

SH × SR

− 0.49

0.34

0.61

0.31–1.19

0.149

DIM (days)

0–90

Ref

    

91–180

0.53

0.25

1.31

1.05–2.76

0.031

180–305

0.88

0.24

1.87

1.49–3.88

< 0.001

> 305

0.11

0.34

1.11

0.58–2.15

0.745

Parity

First parity

Ref

    

Second parity

− 0.24

0.25

0.79

0.49–1.28

0.34

Third or higher parity

0.68

0.22

1.96

1.29–3.0

0.002

Registered hoof disorder of any type (registered at hoof trimmings within 90 days from herd visit)

No

Ref

    

Yes

0.75

0.29

2.11

1.19–3.74

0.011

Hoof trimming records not available

0.24

0.29

1.28

0.72–2.27

0.408

Sub-model 2: general herd and housing-related factors (n = 880 cows)

Average milk production (kg ECM/cow and year) a

< 9800

Ref

    

≥ 9800

0.51

0.24

1.66

1.04–2.65

0.032

Cubicle width

Below recommendation

Ref

    

As recommended

− 0.80

0.24

0.45

0.28–0.73

0.001

Production system

Conventional

Ref

    

Organic

− 1.07

0.33

0.34

0.18–0.66

0.001

Sub-model 3: management-related factors (n = 936 cows)

Type of milking parlor

Herringbone

Ref

    

Tandem

− 0.84

0.27

0.43

0.25–0.74

0.002

Sub-model 4: herd health-related factors (n = 897 cows)

Heifers > 17 months not inseminated (%)a

0–16

Ref

    

≥ 17

− 0.59

0.25

0.55

0.34–0.91

0.02

Presence of ectoparasites in cows during the last year according to farm owner/staff

No

Ref

    

Yes

0.73

0.25

2.01

1.26–3.43

0.004

  1. β regression coefficients, OR odds ratio, CI 95% confidence interval, Ref reference level
  2. aBased on data from the Swedish Official Milk Recording Scheme for the 12 months preceding the herd visit