Table 2 Occurrence of enteropathogens in untreated and treated wastewater; number of detections grouped according to type of purification system
From: Multiplex polymerase chain reaction detection of enteropathogens in sewage in Norway
Agent | Mechanical purification (n = 2) | Mechanical, and chemical purification (n = 6) | Mechanical, chemical and biological purification (n = 3) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Untreated | Treated | Untreated | Treated | Untreated | Treated | |
Campylobacter spp. | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 0 |
Clostridium difficile toxin A/B | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Plesiomonas shigelloides | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
Salmonella spp. | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Vibrio spp. | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Vibrio cholerae | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Yersinia enterocolitica | 2 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 3 | 2 |
Enteroaggregative E. coli | 2 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 2 |
Enteropathogenic E. coli | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 2 |
Enterotoxigenic E. coli | 0 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
Shigatoxin positive E. coli | 1 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 0 |
E. coli O 157 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Shigella/Enteroinvasive E. coli coli | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Positive samples bacteria | 5 | 10 | 37 | 20 | 15 | 6 |
Reduction | 46% | 60% | ||||
Adenovirus F40/41 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 1 |
Astrovirus | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Norovirus GI/GII | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 1 |
Rotavirus A | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 3 |
Sapovirus (I, II, IV and V) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Positive samples virus | 3 | 3 | 14 | 6 | 14 | 5 |
Reduction | 57% | 64% | ||||
Cryptosporidium spp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Cyclospora cayetanensis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Entamoeba histolytica | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Giardia lamblia | 1 | 1 | 6 | 2 | 3 | 1 |
Positive samples protozoa | 1 | 1 | 6 | 2 | 5 | 1 |
Reduction | 66% | 80% | ||||
Total positive samples | 9 | 14 | 57 | 28 | 34 | 12 |