Table 2 Literature review of Serratia spp. associated mastitis outbreaks
Published [references] | Country | Animals/farm type | Suspected source and predisposing factors | Proportion of infected animals | Culling |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Serratia marcescens | |||||
[4] | USA | 50 herds in multiple states | Chlorhexidine-containing teat disinfectant, detected S. marcescens in open containers and dip-cups. The product contamination appeared to occur on the farm and resulted in a within-herd outbreak of a farm-specific S. marcescens strain | N | Culling was more common among Serratia-infected cows than control cows |
[50] | Greece | 156 milking ewes | Teat dip cup (not observed from teat dip: a quaternary ammonium base) | Clinical, incidence 5%, prevalence 16% | 0 |
[7] | USA | 1 herd; 240–260 Holstein cows, open lots | The dirt pack of lots (n = 3 positive sample) and the milking parlor floor (n = 2 positive samples) | 8–17% of tested composite milk samples positive | 11 cows |
[6] | USA | 1 herd; 1000 Holstein cows, manure-straw paddocks | Isolated from lactating cows’ bedding samples and one cup liner sample | 13–18% of tested composite milk samples positive | N |
[34] | USA | 1 herd; 190 Jersey cows, stall stanchion barn | Suspected chlorhexidine digluconate 0.5% post milking teat dip | 21 cows | 4 cows |
[51] | Canada | 1 herd; 85 cows | Indefinite Predisposing factors: overmilking and wet udders | Subclinical IMI c. 10 cows, together with Pseudomonas aeruginosa mastitis | N |
[13] | Sverige | 1 herd; 37 cows, tie-stall farm | Not investigated | Almost all cows infected | 15 cows |
[15] | USA | 45 Holstein cows, straw bedded stalls | A quaternary complex teat dip | 6 cows during 2 months | N |
[30] | Norway | University hospital, 1 cow | Not investigated | Acute mastitis | Died |
[33] | Great Britain | 6 herds | Indefinite Predisposing factors: a faulty water supply (i.e. ponds, springs, wells, brooks and flooding) | N | N |
[40] | Canada | 1 herd; 24 cows | Indefinite | 11 cows | N |
Serratia liquefaciens | |||||
[14] | USA | 1 herd; 41 Holstein cows, loafing barn, straw bedding | Indefinite Predisposing factor: frostbite in teats | 30 IMI cases, S. liquefaciens bacteria isolated from 11 IMI cases, bacteriologic testing not performed n = 19 | N |
[41] | Australia | 1 herd; 120 Friesian cows, pasture | Indefinite | 5 clinical IMI, 1 subclinical IMI in mid-lactation period during 3 weeks period | 0 |
Serratia spp. | |||||
[52] | USA | 1 herd; 120 cows (Jersey and Holstein), 75% free-stall barn, 25% tie-stall barn, recycled manure beddings | Indefinite | 75 IMI during 10 years Mainly dry cows (62%) | 17% of infected cows |
[35] | USA | 1 herd; 140 Holstein cows, free-stalls, sand bedding. dry cows: loose housing straw- manure pack | Indefinite Pre/post teat dip 4% hypochlorite group were infected more often than ionophore group Predisposal factor: frost bite and chapping on teat skin | 43 cows during 1 year | N |