Table 1 Clinical features, neurolocalization, ancillary diagnostics and antiepileptic therapy in dogs with lissencephaly
Dog 1 | Dog 2 | Dog 3 | Dog 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (months) | 8 m | 43 m | 18 m | 18 m |
Sex | Female | Male | Male | Female |
Onset of neurological signs | 6 m | 24 m | 12 m | 9 m |
Neurological presentation | Tonic–clonic seizures and cluster seizures | Tonic–clonic seizures and cluster seizures; difficulties in learning basic commands; behavioral alterations (changes in sleep cycle and aggressiveness) compulsive pacing; bilateral central blindness and bilateral ventromedial strabismus | Tonic–clonic seizures and cluster seizures; behavioral changes (abnormal vocalizations and aggressiveness) and central blindness | Tonic–clonic seizures; cluster seizures, behavioral changes (abnormal vocalizations and aggressiveness during handling); compulsive pacing; bilateral central blindness and bilateral ventromedial strabismus |
Neurolocalization | Forebrain lesion | Forebrain lesion | Forebrain lesion | Forebrain lesion |
Ancillary diagnostics | Hematological and serum biochemistry profiles were normal. PCR for CDV in urine and IFAT for T. gondii and N. caninum in the serum were negative | Hematological and serum biochemistry profiles were normal except for increased level of alkaline phosphatase (216, reference interval 20–156 U/L). PCR for CDV in urine and IFAT for T. gondii and N. caninum in the serum were negative | Hematological and serum biochemistry profiles were normal. PCR for CDV in urine and IFAT for T. gondii and N. caninum in the serum were negative | Hematological and serum biochemistry profiles were normal. PCR for CDV in urine and IFAT for T. gondii and N. caninum in the serum were negative |
Antiepileptic therapy | Phenobarbitala 2.5 mg/kg orally q12h prior to referral, increased to 3 mg/kg orally q12h after referral. Serum concentration was not tested due to good control of seizures Levetiracetamb 20 mg/kg, orally q8h for 4 weeks as adjunct therapy for the control of isolate and cluster seizures | Phenobarbitala 2.5 mg/kg orally q12h prior to referral, increased to 4 mg/kg orally q12h after referral KBr 30 mg/kg, orally q24h as adjunct to phenobarbital Levetiracetamb 20 mg/kg, orally q8h for 4–6 weeks as adjunct therapy for the control of isolate and cluster seizures | Phenobarbitala 6 mg/kg orally q12h prior to referral, maintained after referral. Serum concentration was not tested due to financial constraints KBr 40 mg/kg orally q24h prior to referral, reduced to 30 mg/kg after referral as adjunct to phenobarbital | Phenobarbitala 2 mg/kg orally q12h prior to referral, increased to 2.7 mg/kg orally q12h after referral. Serum concentration was not tested due to financial constraints Levetiracetamb 20 mg/kg orally q8h for 4 weeks as adjunct to avoid cluster and isolated seizures on presentation |
Follow-up | Alive at 24 months of age Nonprogressive neurological signs Absence of cluster seizures Persistence of isolate epileptic seizures | Alive at 36 months of age Nonprogressive neurological signs Absence of cluster seizures Persistence of isolate epileptic seizures, behavioral changes, central blindness, and strabismus | Alive at 12 months of age Nonprogressive neurological signs Absence of cluster seizures Persistence of isolate epileptic seizures, behavioral changes, and central blindness | Alive at 12 months of age Nonprogressive neurological signs Absence of cluster seizures Persistence of behavioral changes, central blindness, and strabismus |