Table 3 Progress towards the development of suitable platforms for PPRV isolation, maintenance and production of biosafe antigen

Primary cell culture

Cheap and easily accessible

Variations in batches and low quality due to the presence of endogenous viruses

[53, 77, 80,81,82]

Vero cells

Easy to maintain in culture

Low infection efficiency compared to lymphoid cells

[42, 81, 83]

Madin-Darby bovine kidney epithelial cell line (MDBK)

Suitable for PPRV isolation.

Requires multiple sequential blind passages for visible cytopathic effect

[84]

MDBK-nectin-4 cell line

Rapid for clinical isolation of PPRV

Only limited to Nectin-4 and high overhead cost

[85, 86]

Baby hamster kidney (BHK-21)

Suitable for growth kinetics of PPRV

PPRV replicates at relatively lower titers in BHK-21 cells

[87, 88]

Vero-SLAM

Highly efficient for PPRV isolation

Prone to fungal and bacterial contaminations

[79, 89, 90]

Vero dog SLAM-L protein (VDS-L)

Produces biosafe antigens in low level biocontainment

Prone to fungal and bacterial contaminations

[91]

Alpine goats

Suitable for in vivo pathological studies

Require high level containment

[92]