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Table 1 Selected serum and urine parameters measured in healthy horses (non-AKI group), horses at risk of acute kidney injury (high-risk group; divided into horses with colic and horses treated with NSAIDs and gentamicin), and horses with clinically manifest acute kidney injury (AKI group)

From: Detecting acute kidney injury in horses by measuring the concentration of symmetric dimethylarginine in serum

Parameter

Non-AKI group (n = 30)

High-risk group (n = 30)

AKI group (n = 11)

n’

Colic (n = 10)

n’

NSAIDs (n = 10)

n’

Gentamicin (n = 10)

n’

All

n’

Me (Q1–Q3)

Me (Q1–Q3)

 

Me (Q1–Q3)

 

Me (Q1–Q3)

 

Me (Q1–Q3)

 

Me (Q1–Q3)

Serum

Urea (3.3–6.7 mmol/L)

5.7 (4.6–6.3)

5.9 (5.4–6.4)

0

5.4 (5.2–5.7)

0

6.2 (5.6–6.4)

0

5.7 (5.3–6.4)

0

12.3ac (10.6–23.9)

11

Creatinine (71–159 µmol/L)

120.0 (93.0–137.0)

125.1 (105.6–144.5)

1

133.5 (124.0–155.0)

1

124.9 (99.3–129.7)

0

129 (103.8–136.9)

2

305.0ac (228.0–440.2)

11

Urine

pH (7.5–8.5)

8.0 (8.0–8.4)

7.75 (7.5–8.07)

2

8.5 (7.96–8.5)

2

8.0 (7.9–8.5)

0

8.0 (7.8–8.5)

4

6.0ac (5.45–7.95)

5

SG (1.02–1.04 g/L)

1.031 (1.021–1.042)

1.031 (1.021–1.039)

0

1.03 (1.019–1.034)

1

1.035 (1.031–1.036)

0

1.033 (1.02–1.036)

1

1.013 (1.011–1.022)

4

Protein (< 1 g/L)

0.07 (0.03–0.1)

0.3b (0.23–1.16)

3

0.21b (0.14–0.24)

1

0.14c (0.09–0.16)

0

0.21b (0.13–0.32)

4

0.69a (0.38–1.24)

5

UPCR (< 0.5)

0.023 (0.014–0.04)

0.11b (0.08–0.63)

2

0.08b (0.1–0.16)

0

0.084c (0.048–0.095)

0

0.1b (0.08–0.16)

2

0.65a (0.35–3.1)

5

GGT:Crea (< 5 IU/mmol)

1.07 (0.74–1.52)

1.9b (1.5–2.2)

0

1.35 (1.25–1.56)

0

1.31 (1.12–1.54)

0

1.44 (1.22–1.97)

0

4.55ac (1.62–7.19)

5

FENa (< 1%)

0.08 (0.06–0.12)

0.14 (0.13–0.15)

0

0.1c (0.06–0.16)

1

0.12c (0.05–0.23)

0

0.13 (0.07–0.17)

1

1.95ac (0.44–5.8)

6

  1. Q1, quartile 1; Me, median; Q3, quartile 3; S, serum; U, urine; Crea, creatinine; SG, specific gravity; UPCR, urine protein creatinine ratio; GGT, Gamma-glutamyltransferase; FENa, Fractional sodium excretion. n’, number of horses with value outside the laboratory reference value (parentheses in the first column) [4]. asignificant differences between non-AKI and AKI group; bsignificant differences between non-AKI and high-risk group; csignificant differences between AKI-risk and AKI group