From: In vivo models of Escherichia coli infection in poultry
Study aim/purpose/scope etc. | Species, race | Research animal provider | Age | Gender | Group sizes (n) | Housing | Feed | Light/dark cycle etc | Randomised group allocation (yes/no) | Additional information (SPF, immunosuppression, analgesia etc.) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Establishes a model of yolk sac infection (not a main aim) | Chicks | Sunrise farms | 12Â h | NA | NA | NA | Ad libitum chicken starter ration | NA | No | Derived from SPF eggs | [10] |
Establish a model of differential resistance towards APEC | Inbred lines: 72, 15I and C.B12. Novogen brown layers Repeat study: 72, 15I | National Avian Research Facility, University of Edinburgh | 2Â weeks | NA | 10/each line and each dose Repeat study: 18 | NA | Ad libitum | NA | No | All inbred lines were hatched and housed under SPF conditions Novogen Brown layers were housed under SPF conditions | [12] |
Describe a model useful for studying ExPEC infections and a chicken lung colonization model | White leghorn | Lohman Tierzucht GmbH | 5Â weeks | NA | Approx. 15a Depends on experiment | NA | Ad libitum | NA | No | SPF | [11] |
Develop a reproducible infection model ideally mimicking natural infection | White leghorn layers | NA | 56Â weeks | Female | 5 | NA | Ad libitum | NA | No | Two initial pilot studies are described in detail in the paper | [13] |
Develop a cellulitis model with numerous manifestations of colibacillosis | Broilers | Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Canada | 3 weeks old | NA | Dose titration: 13 (12) Bacteraemia: 10 (9) | Isolation rooms | Commercial broiler ration ad libitum | 12 h lighting period | Yes | 20–22 °C in the facilities Non-recirculated air with a rate of 8–10 changes/h | [14] |
Describe lesions of colibacillosis in a turkey (stress) model | Slow growing turkey line with high egg yield, a line selected for high growth, and a commercial turkey line | Slow- and fast-growing lines: Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio Commercial line: commercial turkey hatchery | 14 weeks at challenged | Mixed sex | 7–10 in challenge groups, 5–6 in control groups | Floor pens with pine shavings | Ad libitum standard corn and soybean turkey ration | 23 h day, 1 h night | No | Obtained at hatch Sexed upon necropsy | [15] |
To develop and describe an aerogenous model of avian colibacillosis in adult broiler breeders | Ross 308 | SweHatch, Sweden | 29Â weeks upon arrival | Female | 20 | 8.64 m2 coops/group with wood shavings, turf dust-baths, straw, hay, shelves, and perches as enrichment | 155Â g/hen/day commercial wholefood for egg-laying hens | 12Â h/12Â h with 30-min dim-phases | Yes | Treated with buprenorphine upon indication 7Â days of acclimatation Housing temperatures provided | [5] |
To reproduce peritonitis syndrome with E. coli in layersb | Brown layers | Commercial | 23–33 weeks depending on study | Female | 7 or 14 depending on study | Negative-pressure high-efficiency particulate air isolators of 1.32 m3. Housed separately | Ad libitum commercial layer diet | 16 h of light | No | Isolator temperature, relative humidity, and ventilation rate 7 days of acclimatation Euthanasia by carbon dioxide/O2 mixture and bleed from vena jugularis Provides vast detail on inoculation methods | [16] |
Describe a modified model of cellulitis under realistic conditionsb | Broilers | Commercial hatchery | 28 days (assigned to treatment groups) | NA | 250b | Floor pens with pine shavings | Ad libitum | NA | Yes | Exp. 1: total n = 1500 Exp. 2: total n = 1600 Euthanasia was performed by cervical dislocation Moribund or disabled birds were euthanised immediately | [22] |
Validation of an E. coli model in Japanese Quail | Japanese quail | Fircrest Farms | 9 weeks old at arrival | NA | 10 | Floor pens | Turkey grower feed (non-medicated) ad libitum | NA | Yes | Controlled ventilation within facilities and a temperature kept at 20–21 °C 7 days of acclimatation Euthanasia by isoflurane inhalation followed by cervical dislocation | [17] |
Refine challenge procedures and develop a reproducible model of cellulitis further | Broilers | Commercial hatchery | 39Â days | NA | Exp.1: 10a Exp.2: 85 altogether | Floor pens with new litter | Ad libitum | NA | Exp.1: Yes | Moribund and surviving animals were euthanised by carbon dioxide asphyxiation | [18] |
Describe a realistic model of cellulitis | Broilers | Commercial hatchery | 28Â days | NA | Approxima-tely 133/group | Floor pens | Ad libitum | NA | Yes | Moribund and surviving animals were euthanised by carbon dioxide asphyxiation or cervical dislocation | [21] |
Develop a model in 3–4-week-old chickens of colibacillosis with an exposure simulating the natural route | Commercial chickens | Commercial hatcheries | Arrives as day old chicks. Age at the day of exposure depends on experiment | NA | Dependent on experiment. The study includes numerous experiments | Initially battery cages. Transferred to Horsfall units on the day of inoculation | Ad libitum | NA | Yes | Schematic drawing of cone-chamber | [20] |
To develop a surgical model based on oviduct inoculationc | Commercial white layers | NA | 48Â weeks | Female | 5 | Housed on the floor | NA | NA | No | All birds received buprenorphine prior to surgery | [19] |