A Serological Survey of Ruminant Livestock in Kazakhstan During Post-Soviet Transitions in Farming and Disease Control

Table 5 Parameter estimates for the most parsimonious hierarchical model, with 2 levels (farm, animal).

	FMDV		BTV
Parameter¹	Estimate	SE	Estimate	SE
Random effects
Farm-level variance	0.372	0.173	0.779	0.255
Animal-level extra-binomial variance	0.977	0.045	0.953	0.044
Fixed effects ²
Intercept	-0.452	0.569	-2.078	0.256
Ovine	-0.816	0.217	-	-
Caprine	-1.588	0.418	-	-
Origin	-1.474	0.537	-	-
Age	0.276	0.085	0.334	0.080
Age²	-0.014	0.007	-0.015	0.006

¹All parameters are significant to at least p < 0.05, tested using Wald type linear contrasts.
²Intercept = mean prevalence among cattle, ovine = difference in mean prevalence between cattle and sheep, caprine = difference in mean prevalence between cattle and goats. Origin = difference in mean prevalence between animals bought in and those born on the village. Age and age2 cannot be interpreted independently.

ISSN: 1751-0147