Figure 1

Cardiovascular responses of goats to the appearance of a dog. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP; squares), heart rate (HR; circles), and activity (triangles) in seven goats exposed to a dog between 10:30 and 10:45 (vertical, hatched lines), first during pregnancy (A) and later during lactation (B). Line within brackets: intrajugular catheters inserted. Arrows: blood sampling. Values are presented as least square means (LSM) of data collected every 2 minutes in each goat, and summarized over 15 minutes. Standard error (SE) was: 8 (MAP), 6 (HR), and 0.8 (activity). In pregnant goats, MAP and HR increased at dog presence (p < 0.01-0.001 vs. 15 minutes before introduction of the dog) but there was no change in activity. In lactating goats, MAP increased at dog presence (p < 0.001 vs. 15 minutes before introduction of the dog), but HR and activity did not change.