Figure 3

Behavioral responses of goats to the appearance of a dog. Standing (A), rumination (B), and vocalization (C) in the same seven goats during pregnancy (open rhombs) and lactation (black rhombs). The goats were exposed to a dog between 10:30 and 10:45 (vertical, hatched lines). Data are given as means ± standard error of the mean (SEM). During dog presence, frequency of standing increased (p < 0.05 vs. the observations before) and rumination decreased (p < 0.05 vs. 10:15) during both pregnancy and lactation. Rumination was resumed earlier during pregnancy compared to lactation (p < 0.05). In lactating goats, vocalization increased (p < 0.001 during dog exposure vs. both before exposure to the dog and pregnancy) and continued after the dog left (p < 0.01 vs. pregnancy).