Table 2 Animal based measures related to the principles of good feeding and housing in tie-stall housing system with vs. without exercise

% of very lean cows

9.12

1.60

6.56

32.43

9.49

1.60

8.16

37.14

Duration of lying down movements

5.41

0.09

5.42

2.43

6.77

0.16

6.47^***

3.16

% lying down movements with collisions

21.07

3.09

17.64

59.18

44.57^***

4.22

41.00

83.67

% lying cows which lie partly outside lying area

0.78

0.55

0.00

15.62

5.35^***

1.31

0.00

26.92

% cows with dirty lower legs

31.08

1.15

31.97

29.27

35.09

2.78

31.97

85.72

% cows with dirty udder

25.84

1.14

26.97

28.04

29.04

2.20

28.57

63.06

% cows with dirty flank and upper legs

42.08

1.01

40.00

21.90

43.54

1.93

42.85

55.71