Skip to main content
  • Published:

Experimental Encephalitozoonosis in the Blue Fox

Eksperimentell encephalitozoonose hos blårev — Kliniske og serologiske undersøkelser av syke valper

Clinical and Serological Examinations of Affected Pups

Abstract

Two groups of blue fox pups about 1½— 2 and 2½—3 months old, respectively, suffering from experimental encephalitozoonosis, were examined clinically and serologically. Antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniouli were detected in all pups, the titres varying within the range 10–12,800. In addition to unspecific signs of disease the pups showed various neurological disturbances including ataxia, posterior weakness, lameness and circling behaviour, terminaiting in recumbency, paralysis or convulsions. Reduced sight or blindness was observed occasionally. Some of the pups appeared thirsty. Haematological examinations revealed pronounced leukocytosis without any conspicuous shift within the various groups of leukocytes. Biochemical examinations of serum showed significant elevated values of urea nitrogen, creatinine, and magnesium concentrations, reflecting renal dysfunction. Alanine aminotransferase was found significantly depressed in both groups. Raised levels of total protein were demonstrated due to pronounced hyperglobulinaemia. This finding, together with the common occurrence of generalized polyarteritis nodosa and proliferations of plasma cells in clinically affected pups, is probably a result of autoimmune disturbances initiated directly or indirectly by the protozoan infection.

Sammendrag

To grupper blårevvalper i alderen henholdsvis 1½–2 og 2½–3 måneder, begge med eksperimentelt indusert encephalitozoonose, ble undersøkt klinisk og serologisk. Encephalitozoon cuniculi-antistoffer ble påvist hos alle valpene med titre varierende mellom 10 og 12 800. I tillegg til uspesifikke symptomer viste valpene forskjellige neuro-logiske forstyrrelser som svakhet i bakparten, ataksi, halthet, dreid hodeholdning, sirkelbevegelser, kramper og lammelser. Nedsatt syn eller blindhet på grunn av katarakt ble påvist i enkelte tilfelle. Noen valper var påfallende tørste. Hematologiske undersøkelser viste en uttalt leukocyttose uten betydelige forskyvninger mellom de enkelte typer leukocytter. Biokjemiske undersøkelser av serum viste signifikant forøket innhold av urea nitrogen, kreatinin og magnesium som tegn på dysfunksjon i nyrene. Begge grupper viste signifikant redusert aktivitet aν alanin aminotransferase. Konsentrasjonene av totalprotein og globulin i serum var betydelig forøket. Del synes å være en nær sammenheng mellom forandringene i immunglobulinene og de vanlig forekommende vevsskader hos klinisk syke valper i form a v gen er a-lisert polyarteritis nodosa og massive plasmacelleinfiltrasjoner i an-grepne organer. Disse forandringene kan være et resultat av autoimmune forstyrrelser hos valpene indusert direkte eller indirekte etter prenatal infeksjon med Encephalitozoon cuniculi.

References

  • Arnesen, K. & K. Nordstoga: Ocular encephalitozoonosis(nosematosis) in blue foxes. Polyarteritis nodosa and cataract. Acta ophthal. 1977, 55, 641–651.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berestov, V. A.: Biokhimiya i morfologiya krovi pushnykh zverei (Biochemistry and blood morphology of fur bearing animals). Monograph 1971. Transl, from Russian by G. Saad, U.S. Dep. Agr. & Nat. Sci. Found., Washington 1974 (TT-74-53001).

  • Canning, E. U.: Microsporida. In: Parasitic Protozoa. Vol. 4 (Kreier, J. P., ed.). Academic Press, New York, San Francisco & London 1977, pp. 155–196.

  • Doumas, B. T., W. A. Watson & H. G. Biggs: Albumin standards and measurement of serum albumin with bromcresol green. Clin. Chim. Acta 1971, 31, 87–96.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gocke, D. J., K. Hsu, C. Morgan, S. Bombardieri, M. Lockshin & C. Christian: Vasculitis in association with Australia antigen. J. exp. Med. 1971, 134, 330–336.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keiding, R., M. Hörder, W. Gerhardt, E. Pitkänen, R. Tenhunen, J. H. Strømme, L. Theodorsen, J. Waldenström, N. Tryding & L. West-lund: Recommended methods for the determination of four enzymes in blood. Scand. J. clin. Lab. Invest. 1974, 33, 291–306.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kellett, B. S. & J. E. C. By water: A modified india-ink immunoreaction for the detection of encephalitozoonosis. Lab. Anim. 1978, 12, 59–60.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohn, S. F.: Encephalitozoonosis in the blue fox — Comparison between the india-ink immunoreaction and the indirect fluorescent antibody test in detecting Encephalitozoon cuniculi antibodies. Acta vet. scand. 1982, 23, 99–106.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mohn, S. F., T. Landsverk & K. Nordstoga: Encephalitozoonosis in the blue fox — Morphological identification of the parasite. Acta path, microbiol. scand. Section B 1981, 89, 117–122.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohn, S. F. & K. Nordstoga: Electrophoretic patterns of serum proteins in blue foxes with special reference to changes associated with nosematosis. Acta vet. scand. 1975, 16, 297–306.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mohn, S. F. & K. Nordstoga: Experimental encephalitozoonosis in the blue fox — Neonatal exposure to the parasite. Acta vet. scand. 1982, 23, 344–360.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mohn, S. F., K. Nordstoga & I. W. Dishington: Experimental encephalitozoonosis in the blue fox — Clinical, serological and pathological examinations of vixens after oral and intrauterine inoculation. Acta vet. scand. 1982a, 23, 490–502.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mohn, S. F., K. Nordstoga, J. Krogsrud & A. Helgebostad: Transplacental transmission of Nosema cuniculi in the blue fox (Alopex lagopus). Acta path, microbiol. scand. Section B 1974, 82, 299–300.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohn, S. F., K. Nordstoga & O. M. Möller: Experimental encephalitozoonosis in the blue fox — Transplacental transmission of the parasite. Acta vet. scand. 1982b, 23, 211–220.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nordstoga, K.: Nosematosis in blue foxes. Nord. Vet.-Med. 1972, 24, 21–24.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nordstoga, K., S. F. Mohn & G. Loftsgård: Nosematose hos blårev (Nosematosis in the blue fox). Proc. 12th Nordic Vet. Congr., Reykjavik 1974, pp. 183–186.

  • Nordstoga, K. & Kr. Westbye: Polyarteritis nodosa associated with nosematosis in blue foxes. Acta path, microbiol. scand. Section A 1976, 84, 291–296.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paronetto, F.: Systemic nonsuppurative necrotizing angiitis. In: Textbook of Immunopathology. Vol. 2 (Miescher, P. A. & H. J. Muller-Eberhard, eds.). Grune & Stratton, New York and London 1969, pp. 722–732.

  • Paronetto, F. & L. Strauss: Immunocytochemical observations in periarteritis nodosa. Ann. intern. Med. 1962, 56, 289–296.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schalm, O. W., N. C. Jain & E. J. Carroll: Veterinary Hematology. 3rd ed. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia 1975.

  • Shadduck, J. A. & S. P. Pakes: Encephalitozoonosis (nosematosis) and toxoplasmosis. Amer. J. Path. 1971, 64, 657–674.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simesen, M. G.: Calcium, inorganic phosphorus, and magnesium metabolism in health and disease. In: Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. 2nd ed. Vol. 1 (Kaneko, J. J. & C. E. Cornelius, eds.). Academic Press, New York and London 1970, pp. 313–375.

  • Sodikoff, C: Laboratory Profiles of Small Animals Diseases, a Guide to Laboratory Diagnosis (Pratt, P. W., ed.). American Veterinary Publications Inc., Santa Barbara 1981.

  • Talke, H. & G. E. Schubert: Enzymatische Harnstoffbestimmung in Blut und Serum im optischen Test nach Warburg (Enzymatic urea determination in blood and serum by an optical test according to Warburg). Klin. Wschr. 1965, 43, 174–175.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waller, T.: The india-ink immunoreaction: a method for the rapid diagnosis of encephalitozoonosis. Lab. Anim. 1977, 11, 93–97.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waller, T., B. Morein & E. Fabianson: Humoral immune response to infection with Encephalitozoon cuniculi in rabbits. Lab. Anim. 1978, 12, 145–148.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weichselbaum, T. E.: An accurate and rapid method for the determination of proteins in small amounts of blood serum and plasma. Amer. J. clin. Path. 1946, 16, 40–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J. M.: The biology of Encephalitozoon cuniculi. Med. biol. 1979, 57, 84–101.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Mohn, S.F. Experimental Encephalitozoonosis in the Blue Fox. Acta Vet Scand 23, 503–514 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03546769

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03546769

Keywords