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Dynamic Compression of the Cervical Spinal Cord

A Myelographic and Pathologic Investigation in Great Dane Dogs

Dynamisk kompression av halsryggmärgen hos Grand Danois

Abstract

The authors report the radiographic and pathologic findings in 10 Great Dane dogs with the wobbler syndrome. In all 10 dogs it was possible to demonstrate myelographically that there was cervical spinal cord compression at 1 or 2 sites. The spinal cord compression was mainly dynamic in nature, as degree of compression increased in extension and decreased in flexion of the neck in 8 dogs. In 1 dog with deformed vertebral bodies (G6 and C7), compression increased slightly in flexion of the neck. In another dog, compression was lateral and could only be seen in the ventrodorsal view.

The macroscopic findings substantiated the radiologic findings. The cause of the spinal cord compression was in 8 dogs a decrease in the dorsoventral diameter of the orifice of the vertebral canal of 1 or 2 vertebrae in combination with deformation and elongation of 1 or several vertebral arches. In extension of the neck, the cervical spinal cord was squeezed between the anterior tip of the elongated vertebral arch and the caudodorsal rim of the body of the adjacent cranial vertebra.

Histologic examination was made of the spinal cord in 5 dogs and the compressive lesions that were found could explain the neurologic signs.

In the discussion, the question is raised as to why pain is not a prominent sign in dogs with the wobbler syndrome in contrast to in dogs with cervical disc protrusion. It is believed that the inflammatory foreign body reaction, triggered by the protruded calcified nucleus pulposus is the main cause of pain in the disc protrusion syndrome. In the wobbler syndrome there is no obvious inflammatory reaction in the epidural space.

Finally, the possible etiologic factors oC importance for the deformation oC the cervical vertebrae in wobblers are discussed. There are indications that both overnutrition and a genetic trait for rapid growth are of importance.

Sammanfattning

Författarna redogör för röntgenologiska och patologiska fynd som gjorts på 10 Grand Danois med det s.k. wobbler-syndromet. Med hjälp av myelografi künde hos samtliga 10 hundar påvisas att en cervikal ryggmärgskompression förelag på ett eller två ställen. Ryggmärgskompressionen var huvudsakligen av dynamisk natur. Hos 8 hundar ökade kompressionsgraden när halsen hölls i extension och den min-skade vid flexion. Hos en hund med deformerade kotkroppar (C6–G7) ökade kompressionen något då halsen flekterades. Hos en annan hund var kompressionen lateral och künde endast ses på röntgenbilder tagna i ventrodorsal projektion.

De makroskopiska fynden bekräftade de radiologiska fynden. Orsaken till ryggmärgskompressionen var i 8 fall en minskning av den dorsoventrala diametern av främre öppningen av kotkanalen på en eller fiera kotor. Dessutom var dessa kotbågar ofta deformerade och förlängda. När hundens hals extenderades kom ryggmärgen i kläm mellan den främre kanten av den förlängda och klumpiga kot-bågen och den kaudodorsala kanten av framförliggande kotkropp. I 5 fall künde ryggmärgen undersökas histologiskt, och den kompres-sionsskada som hittades künde förklara de neurologiska Symptomen.

Författarna diskuterar varför smärta inte är ett framträdande symptom hos hundar med wobbler-syndromet, när smärta dominerar bilden vid cervikal diskprotrusion. Man antar att det finns goda skäl att antaga att det är den inflammatoriska främmande-kroppsreaktionen, orsakad av den förkalkade nucleus pulposusvävnaden, som utlöser smärtan hos diskbråckshundarna.

Som avslutning diskuterar författarna vilka etiologiska faktorer som kan vara av betydelse för deformeringen av halskotorna och som är den yttersta orsaken till wobbler-syndromet. Det finns in dicier som talar för att både övernutrition under tillväxten och genetiska faktorer är av betydelse för uppkomsten av “the wobbler syndrome”.

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This investigation was supported by the Swedish Medical Research Council, the John M. Olin Foundation, and Jordbrukets Försäkringsbolag.

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Olsson, SE., Stavenborn, M. & Hoppe, F. Dynamic Compression of the Cervical Spinal Cord. Acta Vet Scand 23, 65–78 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03546823

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