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Studies on Blood and Serum Types of the Icelandic Horses

Studien von Blutgruppen und Serumtypen bei islƤndischen Pferden

Studier over blod- og serumtyper hos islandske heste

Summary

By means of isoimmunizations and heteroimmunizations 10 equine blood typing reagents were isolated. The specific antibodies were complete agglutinins, which were used in the direct agglutination test in saline medium. The reagents were designated A2, C, D, E, G, H, I, K, Da1, and Da2 reagent. Da1 and Da2 are preliminary designations.

The data obtained from blood typing of a family material and a population material of Icelandic horses showed that the occurrence of each blood type factor is controlled by a single, dominant gene. The family data tended to show that the blood factors under investigation belonged to 8 blood type systems. The A system contained the antigens A2 and Da2. These antigens are related to each other through a linear subgroup relationship. The D system had the factors D and J. The G, E, G, I, K, and Da1 systems are one-factor, two-allele blood type systems. The H factor was not observed in Icelandic horses. In connection with the establishment of the 8 blood type systems it must be emphasized that the problem of allelism or nonallelism of 2 genes can only be solved by means of relevant family data. Because of the rare occurrence of some of the blood factors in the Icelandic horse such data were in some cases not available. Thus some conclusions were based on results from two-by-two contingency tables with the use of population data. This was used particularly for the D and G systems, and additional family data are necessary for a definite establishment of these systems.

Exceptions to the genetic theory, apparently caused by erroneous registration, were presented.

Finally, estimates were given of gene frequencies of the causative genes among Icelandic horses.

Starch gel electrophoresis of sera from Icelandic horses revealed the existence of 21 transferrin phenotypes. The data obtained supported the theory advanced, that transferrin polymorphism in horses is controlled by 6 autosomal codominant alleles: TfD, TfF, TfH, TfM, TfO, and TfH.

925 randomly selected Icelandic horses were typed for serum transferrin and the gene frequencies were estimated.

Starch gel electrophoresis of about 100 horse serum samples did hot reveal individual variation of the equine haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin. Studies on approximately 300 sera showed an identical serum amylase pattern.

Zusammenfassung

Mit Anwendung von Iso- und Heteroimmunisierungen sind 10 Blutgruppenreagenzien, alle komplette Agglutinine verwendbar bei direkten Agglutinationstesten, isoliert worden. Die Reagenzien haben die Bezeichnungen A2, G, D, E, G, H, I, K, Dax und Da2 bekommen. Da2 und Da2 sind vorlƤufige Bezeichnungen.

Blutgruppenbestimmungen eines Familienmaterials und eines Populationsmaterials von islƤndischen Pferden zeigten, dass die Vererbung jedes Blutgruppenfaktors von einem einzelnen dominanten Gen kontrolliert wird. Genetische Daten haben bezeigt, dass die Blutgruppenfaktoren voraussichtlich 8 Blutgruppensystemen angehƶren. Das A-System umfasst die beiden Antigene A2 und Da2, die durch eine lineare Untergruppenverwandtschaft verwandt sind. Die Faktoren D und J gehƶren dem D-System an. Die G-, E-, G-, I-, K- und Da1-Systeme sind ein-Faktor, zwei-Allel Blutgruppensysteme. Das H-Antigen wurde bei islƤndischen Pferden nicht observiert. Im Anschluss an die Etablierung der 8 Blutgruppensysteme soll stark hervorgehoben werden, dass das Problem Alleli oder nicht-Alleli zweier Gene nur mit Hilfe einer Analyse von relevanten Familiendaten gelƶst werden kann. In einigen FƤllen waren diese nicht vorhanden, weil bestimmte Antigene bei den islƤndischen Pferden sehr selten vorkommen. Einige Konklusionen wurden daher auf populationsgenetische Daten basiert. Dieses gilt besonders dem D- und G-System.

Die Genfrequenz wurde auf Grundlage der Populationsdaten berechnet.

Mit Hilfe der StƤrkegelelektrophorese in Seren von islƤndischen Pferden wurden 21 TransferrinphƤnotypen nachgewiesen. Die angefĆ¼hrten Daten unterstĆ¼tzen die frĆ¼her hervorgesetzte Hypothese, dass die Variationen, welche beim Pferd festgestellt worden sind, von 6 autosomalen kodominanten Allelen: TfD, TfF, TfH, TfM, TfO und TfR bedingt sind.

Die Genfrequenzbestimmungen wurden auf Grundlage der Daten von 925 zufƤllig ausgewƤhlten Pferden berechnet.

Individuelle Variationen in bezug auf Haptoglobin, Ceruloplasmin und Serumamylase wurden nicht gefunden.

Sammendrag

Ved hjƦlp af iso- og heteroimmuniseringer er der isoleret 10 blodtypereagenser, som alle er komplette agglutininer anvendelige i den direkte agglutinationstest. Reagenserne har fĆ„et betegnelserne A2, G, D, E, G, H, I, K, Da1 og Da2 reagenser. Dax og Da2 er forelĆøbige betegnelser.

Blodtypebestemmelse af et familiemateriale og et populationsmateriale af islandske heste viste, at nedarvnigen af hver blodtypefaktor er under kontrol af et enkelt dominant gen. Genetiske data har sandsynliggjort, at blodtypefaktorerne tilhĆører 8 blodtypesystemer. A-systemet indeholder 2 gennem et lineƦrt undergruppeslƦgtskab beslƦgtede antigener A2 og D2. D-systemet bestĆ„r af faktorerne D og J. C-, E-, G, I-, K- og Da1-systemerne er een-faktor, to-allel blodtypesystemer. H-antigenet blev ikke observeret hos islandske heste. Det mĆ„ i forbindelse med etableringen af de 8 blodtypesystemer stƦrkt understreges, at problemet alleli eller ikke-alleli for 2 gener kun kan lĆøses ved analyse af relevante familiedata. SĆ„danne har i nogle tilfƦlde ikke vƦret tilstede pĆ„ grund af visse antigeners sjƦldne forekomst blandt islandske heste. Nogle konklusioner er derfor baseret pĆ„ populationsgenetiske data. Dette er isƦr tilfƦldet med D- og G-systemet.

Der er givet nogle eksempler pƄ undtagelser fra den genetiske teori, forƄrsaget af forkert registrering.

Genfrekvenserne er udregnet pƄ grundlag af populationsdata.

Ved stivelsegelelektroforese af sera fra islandske heste fandtes 21 transferrinfƦnotyper. De fremkomne data understĆøtter den tidligere fremsatte hypotese, at de pĆ„viste variationer hos hesten er betinget af 6 autosomale kodominante alleler: TfD, TfF, TfH, TfM, TfO, TfR.

Genfrekvensbestemmelser blev udregnet pƄ grundlag af data fra 925 tilfƦldigt udvalgte heste.

Der blev ikke fundet individuelle variationer i haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin og serumamylase.

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Hesselholt, M. Studies on Blood and Serum Types of the Icelandic Horses. Acta Vet Scand 7, 206ā€“225 (1966). https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03547112

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