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Cerebrospinal and Muscular Nematodiasis (Elaphostrongylus Rangiferi) in Swedish Reindeer

Cerebrospinal und muscular Nematodiasis (Elaphostrongylus rangiferi) in schwedischen Renntieren

Cerebrospinal och muskulär nematodiasis (Elaphostrongylus rangiferi) på suenska renar

Summary

Twenty reindeer, most between eight and twelwe months old, were autopsied during the first half of 1961. Eight of these animals had ishown degrees of ataxia or posterior paresis and the other, signs of general weakness. Most of the animals were in a state of inanition.

Nematodes belonging to the genus Elaphostrongylus (E. rangiferi) were found in the leptoimeninges of the brain and spinal cord in sixteen of these animals. E. rangiferi was also found in the skeletal musculature of five of seven animals examined and in the middle ear of one animal. Nematode larvae apparently of E. rangiferi, were present in various tissues of some animals. Eggs, often in large clumps, were found in the central nervous system and musculature of six animals and in the hypophysis of one animal.

The presence of the nematodes could be associated with a lymphohistiocytic and eosinophilic meningitis, particularly at the level of the cauda equina, the junction between cervical and thoracic regions of the spinal cord, and over the brain. In some animals inflammatory exudate was also present in the superficial layers of the brain. Parasitic granulomas were also found in the meninges about the cauda equina in many animals. No definite signs of mechanical damage could be observed in the brain and spinal cord which could be attributed to the nematodes. The meningitis was often associated with degenerative changes in the spinal nerve roots. Inflammatory and degenerative changes were observed in the proximal portions of the sciatic nerves.

The presence of Elaphostrongylus in the central nervous system hais been considered to be the cause of the lesions and the locomotory disability observed. This form of cerebrospinal nematodiasis is apparently quite common among Swedish reindeer.

Zusammenfassung

Während des ersten Halbjahres 1961 wurden 20 Remitiere obduziert, von denen die meisten 8–12 Monate alt waren. 8 Remitiere hatten variierende Grade von Rewegungsstöruntgen gezeigt, während sich bei den übrigen allgemeine Schwäche wahrnehmen liess. Die Mehrzahl der Tiere war in einem Zustand von Inanition gestorben.

Bei 16 Renntieren fanden sich zirka 5 cm lange, zur Gattung Elaphostrongylus gehörige Nematodenwürmer. Diese Würmer lagen oft frei im Subduralraum sowohl des Gehirns als auch des Rückenmarks. Bei 5 von 7 Remitieren wurden dieselben Parasiten auch in der Körpermuskulatur und in einem Fall im Mittelohr angetroffen. Nematodenlarven wurden in einzelnen Fällen wahrgenommen. Eier, oft in Haufen gelegen, liessen sich in 6 Fällen im zentralen Nervensystem und in der Körpermuskulatur sowie in einem Falle im Hypophysengewebe feststellen.

Infolge des Vorkommens dieser Parasiten waren bei fast sämtlichen Renntieren die pathologisch-anatomischen Veränderungen in Form nonpurulenter lymphohistiozytärer, eosinophiler Meningitis vorzugsweise auf die Cauda equina, den Uebergang zwischen Hals- und Brustrückenmark sowie das Gehirn lokalisiert. In einer Reihe von Fällen war die Meningitis mit einer gelinden Encephalitis kombiniert. Ringsum die Cauda equina wurden in der Mehrzahl der Fälle multiple parasitäre Granulome in den Meningen wahrgenommen. Die Meningitis verursachte oft die Entstehung degenerativer Veränderungen in den Spinalnervenwurzeln. In den proximalen Teilen des N. ischiadicus liessen sich ferner sowohl entzündliche als auch degenerative Prozesse nachweisen. Durch die Parasiten verursachte mechanische Schäden konnten im Gehirn und in den Rückenmarksgeweben nicht ermittelt werden.

Die Anwesenheit von Elaphostrongylusparasiten im zentralen Nervensystem wird als die Ursache der pathologischen Veränderungen und der beobachteten Bewegungsstörungen betrachtet. Diese Krankheit hat vermutlich eine ziemlich grosse Bedeutung für die schwedische Renntierzucht.

Sammanfattning

Under första halvåret 1961 obducerades 20 renar, de fiesta 8–12 månader gamla. 8 renar hade visat varierande grader av rörelsestöranden median de andra visat allmän svaghet. Flertalet hade dött i ett inanitionstillstånd.

På 16 av renarna fanns ca 5 cm långa nematodmiaskar tillhörande släktet Elaphostrongylus. Maskarna lågo ofta fritt i subduralrummet på saväl hjärna som ryggmärg. Hos 5 av 7 renar påtraf fades samma maskar även i kroppsmuskulaturen, och i ett fall i mellanörat. Nematodlarver har påtraffats i enstaka (fall. Ägg, som ofta lågo hopade, kunde i 6 fall upptäckas i centrala nervsystemet och i kroppsmuskulaturen samt i ett fall i hypofysvävmaden.

Som en följd av parasitförekomsten hade så gott som samtliga renar patologisk-anatomiska förändringar i form av nonpurulenta lymfohistiocytära, eosinofila meningiter företrädesvis lokaliserade till Cauda equina, övergangen mellan hals- och bröstryggmärg samt hjärnan. I en del fall var meningiten kombinerad med en lindrig encefalit, Multipla parasitära granulom i meningerna omkring Cauda equina iakttogs i flertalet fall. Meningiten gav ofta upphov till degenerativa förändringar i spinalnervrötterna. I N. ischiadicus proximala delar kunde även såväl inflammatoriska som degenerativa processer påvisas. Några mekaniska skador orsakade av parasitemia har i hjärna och ryggmärgsvävnader ej med säkerhet kunnat konsitateras.

Förekomsten av Elaphostrongylusparasiter i centrala nervsysternet har ansetts vara orsaken till de patologiska förändringarna och till de iakttagna rörels estörandena. Sjukdomen förmodas ha tämligen stor betydelse för den svenska rennäringen.

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Ronéus, O., Nordkvist, M. Cerebrospinal and Muscular Nematodiasis (Elaphostrongylus Rangiferi) in Swedish Reindeer. Acta Vet Scand 3, 201–225 (1962). https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03547140

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