Skip to main content
  • Published:

Osteochondrosis and Arthrosis in Pigs

VI. Relationship to Feed Level and Calcium, Phosphorus and Protein Levels in The Ration

Osteochondrose og arthrose hos gris. VI. Relasjon til fórstyrke, calcium, fosfor og proteinnivå i fóret

Abstract

Eight feeding experiments, each comprising 48 boars or gilts, were carried out. The factors feed level, Ca, P and protein levels were varied within practical physiological limits. The animals were slaughtered at close to 100 kg live weight. Lesions in joints and bones were of a noninfectious, non-rachitic nature and of the osteochondrosis and arthrosis type. Ten to 12 g Ca and approx. 10 g P/kg ration gave histomorphologically seemingly more optimum structure of the spongious bone tissue and a higher ash percentage in bones than 7 g Ca and 6 g P, or unbalanced mineral levels in the ration. However, there was no significant difference in degree or incidence of joint and bone lesions between mineral groups. Neither were there such differences present between feed level groups or protein level groups. This may for the feed level groups be partly due to the low feed level pigs having a longer period of time during which they were highly susceptible to the development of lesions. The low feed level animals had longer long bones at 100 kg live weight than the high feed level animals. The length of the vertebral column was, however, approximately similar in the 2 feed level groups. The angles of the condyles and head of the femur according to the length axis were influenced by feed level or growth rate, most probably by an effect on the endochondral ossification.

Sammendrag

I åtte foringsforsøk, hvert med 48 råner eller purker, ble faktorene fórstyrke, Ca, Ρ og proteinnivå variert innenfor praktiske fysiologiske grenser. Dyra ble slaktet ved 100 kg levende vekt. Lesjonene i ledd og knokler var av ikke-infeksiøs, ikke-rakitisk natur, og av typen Osteochondrose og arthrose. 10–12 g Ca og ca. 10 g Ρ per kg fór ga histomorfologisk tilsynelatende en bedre struktur av spongiøst beinvev, og en høyere askeprosent i knoklene enn 7 g Ca og 6 g P, eller ubalanserte mineralnivåer i fóret. Det var imidlertid ingen signifikante forskjell er i grad eller frekvens av ledd- og knokkellesjoner mellom mineralgruppene. Det var heller ingen slike forskjeller tilstede mellom fórstyrkegrupper eller proteinnivågrupper. Dette kan for fórstyrkegruppenes vedkommende delvis skyldes at dyr på lav fórstyrke hadde en lengre leveperiode hvor de var lett mottagelige for leddlesjoner. Dyr på lav fórstyrke hadde lengre rørknokler ved 100 kg levende vekt enn dyr på høy fórstyrke. Lengden av hvirvelsøylen var imidlertid svært lik i de to fórstyrkegruppene. Vinkelen for vekstlinjen til caput og for condylene på femur, i forhold til lengdeaksen, var påvirket av fórstyrke eller veksthastighet, mest sannsynlig ved en virkning på den endochondrale forbeining.

References

  • Baustad, B., J. Teige jr. & S. Tollersrud: The effect of various levels of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D in the feed for growing pigs with special reference to atrophic rhinitis. Acta vet. scand. 1967, 8, 369–389.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Breirem, K. & T. Homb: Energy requirements for growth. In Handbuch der Tierernährung, Band II. Paul Parey, Berlin and Hamburg 1972.

  • Brown, W. R., L. Krook & W. G. Pond: Atrophic rhinitis in swine. Etiology, pathogenesis, and prophylaxis. Cornell Vet. 1966, 56, Suppl. 1, 1–427.

  • Chapman, Jr., H. L., J. Kastelic, G. C. Ashton, P. G. Homeyer, C. Y. Roberts, D. V. Catron, V. W. Hays & V. C. Speer: Calcium and phosphorus requirements of growing-finishing swine. J. Animal Sci. 1962, 21, 112–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Combs, G. E., J. M. Vandepopuliere, H. D. Wallace & M. Roger: Phosphorus requirement of young pigs. J. Animal Sci. 1962, 21, 3–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cromwell, G. L., V. W. Hays, C. H. Chaney & J. R. Overfield: Effects of dietary phosphorus and calcium level on performance, bone mineralization and carcass characteristics of swine. J. Animal Sci. 1970, 30, 519–525.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cromwell, G. L., V. W. Hays, C. W. Scherer & J. R. Overfield: Effects of dietary calcium and phosphorus on performance and carcass, metacarpal and turbinate characteristics of swine. J. Animal Sci. 1972, 34, 746–751.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garm, O.: Personal communication, 1973.

  • Grøndalen, T.: Osteochondrosis and arthrosis in pigs. I. Incidence in animals up to 120 kg live weight. Acta vet. scand. 1974 a, 15, 1–25

  • Grøndalen, T.: Osteochondrosis and arthrosis in pigs. II. Incidence in breeding animals. Acta vet. scand. 1974 b, 15, 26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grøndalen, T.: Osteochondrosis and arthrosis in pigs. III. A comparison of the incidence in young animals of the Norwegian Landrace and Yorkshire breeds. Acta vet. scand. 1974 c, 15, 43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grøndalen, T.: Osteochondrosis and arthrosis in pigs. VII. Relationship to joint shape and exterior conformation. Acta vet. scand. 1974 d. Suppl. 46. In press.

  • Grøndalen, T.: Leg weakness in pigs. I. Incidence and relationship to skeletal lesions, feed level, protein and mineral supply, exercise and exterior conformation. Acta vet. scand. In press.

  • Grøndalen, T. & J. Grøndalen: Osteochondrosis and arthrosis in pigs. IV. Effect of overloading on the distal epiphyseal plate of the ulna. Acta vet. scand. 1974, 15, 53–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grøndalen, T. & O. Vangen: Osteochondrosis and arthrosis in pigs. V. A comparison of the incidence in three different lines of the Norwegian Landrace breed. Acta vet. scand. 1974, 15, 61–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Günther, K. & G. Rosin: Über die Ansatz-Kapazität des Fleischschweines für Mineralstoffe im Verlauf des Wachstums. 1. Zusammensetzung des Gesamtskelettes. (On the deposition of minerals in the pig during growth. 1. Composition of the whole skeleton). Z. Tierphysiol., Tierernährg Futtermittelk. 1970, 26, 179–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanssen, J. T.: Personal communication, 1973.

  • Hanssen, J. T.: Virkningen av ulike ernseringsfaktorer på veksten hos avlssvin. (The effect of different dietary factors on growth and development in young boars and gilts). Thesis from the Department of Animal Nutrition, Agricultural University of Norway 1974. In manuscript.

  • Hanssen, J. T. & K. Breirem: Kalsium- og fosforbehovet hos voksende svin. (Calcium and phosphorus requirements of growing pigs). Norsk vet.T. 1971, 83, 364–371.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Homb, T.: Protein utilization in pigs of different weight. The Department of Animal Nutrition, Agricultural University of Norway. Report No. 389, 1972, 61–82.

  • Krishnarao, G. V. G. & H. H. Draper: Influence of dietary phosphate on bone resorption in senescent mice. J. Nutr. 1972, 102, 1143–1146.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krook, L.: Nyssjuka hos svin — etiologi, patogenes och profylax. (Atrophic rhinitis in pigs — etiology, pathogenesis and prophylaxis). Svensk Vet.-Tidn. 1965, 17, 548–554.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurzweg, W. & K. Winkler: Gesundheitliche Aspekte der Fleischschweinproduktion. Stellungs- und Gliedmasseanomalien. (Health aspects of pork production. Anomalies in the locomotory system). Angew. Tierhyg. 1972, Band 3, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, 259 pp.

  • Liptrap, D. O., E. R. Miller, D. E. Ulbrey, K. K. Keahey & J. A. Hoefer: Calcium level for developing boars and gilts. J. Animal Sci. 1970, 31, 540–548.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ljunggren, G. & S. Reiland: Osteochondrosis in adolescent animals: An endocrine disorder? Calc. Tiss. Res. 1970, 4, 150–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohn, S. F.: Personal communication, 1973.

  • Månsson, I., R. Norberg, B. Olhagen & N.-E. Björklund: Arthritis in pigs induced by dietary factors. Microbiologic, clinical and histological studies. Clin. exp. Immunol. 1971, 9, 677–693.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, N. C.: Arthrose hos svin. (Arthrosis in pigs). Nord. Vet.-Med. 1973, 25, 17–27.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, N. C., S. Andersen, A. Madsen & H. P. Mortensen: Dietary calcium-phosphorus ratios for growing pigs in relation to serum levels and bone development. Acta vet. scand. 1971, 12, 202–219.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reiland, S.: Snabb tilväkst ock därav betingad osteochondros — en vanlig orsak till „bensvaghet” hos avelssvin. En preliminaer rapport. (Rapid growth leading to osteochondrosis — a common cause of leg weakness in breeding pigs). Svensk Vet.-Tidn. 1974, 26, 28–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiland, S., S.-E. Olsson & K. Martinsson: Generalized bone and joint changes in three pigs with severe atrophic rhinitis. Acta radiol. (Stockh.) Suppl. 319, 1972, 127–136.

  • Schilling, E.: Rassenunterschiede am Skelett des Beckens und der Hinterextremitäten beim Schwein. (The differences in skeleton of the pelvis and the hind legs between pig breeds). Z. Tierzüchtg. Züchtgsbiol. 1963, 78, 293–324.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, G. R., F. I. El-Sayed, G. H. Kroening, K. L. Fell, N. Shoup, D. F. Adams, M. Franke & J. E. Alexander: Effects of fluoride, calcium, and phosphorus on porcine bone. Amer. J. vet. Res. 1971, 32, 1751–1773.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thurley, D. C.: Arthropathy in pigs. Proc. roy. Soc. Med. 1965, 58, 369–370.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thurley, D. C.: Muskulaturentwicklung und Gliedmassenschwäche. (Muscle development and leg weakness). Dtsch. tierärztl. Wschr. 1967, 74, 336–338.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, T., B. F. Fell, A. S. Jones, R. Boyne & M. Elliott: Observations on leg weakness in pigs. Vet. Rec. 1966, 79, 472–479.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aas-Hansen, M.: Personal communication, 1973.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Grøndalen, T. Osteochondrosis and Arthrosis in Pigs. Acta Vet Scand 15, 147–169 (1974). https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03547477

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03547477

Keywords