Skip to main content
  • Published:

A Checklist of Metazoan Parasites from Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Abstract

An extensive literature survey on metazoan parasites from rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss has been conducted. The taxa Monogenea, Cestoda, Digenea, Nematoda, Acanthocephala, Crustacea and Hirudinea are covered. A total of 169 taxonomic entities are recorded in rainbow trout worldwide although few of these may prove synonyms in future analyses of the parasite specimens. These records include Monogenea (15), Cestoda (27), Digenea (37), Nematoda (39), Acanthocephala (23), Crustacea (17), Mollusca (6) and Hirudinea (5). The large number of parasites in this salmonid reflects its cosmopolitan distribution.

References

  • Alexander CG: A new species of Proteocephalus (Cestoda) from Oregon trout. J. Parasitol. 1951, 37, 160–164.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amin OM: Classification. In: Crompton, D.W.T., Nickol, B.B. (eds.): Biology of the acanthocephala. Cambridge University Press. 1985, 27–72.

  • Amin OM, Bauer ON, Sidorov EG: The description of Paralongicollum nemacheili n.gen., n. sp. (Acanthocephala: Pomphorhynchidae) from freshwater fishes in Kazakh SSR. J. Parasitol. 1991, 77, 26–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andersen K: Abnormal growth pattern of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum in rainbow trout. J. Helminthol. 1979, 53, 39–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous: FAO Fisheries Circular 1991 No. 821, Rev. 1. Rome. 423 pp.

  • Arata N, Luengo M, Segovia P, Luengo J, Garrido V: Parasitism by Diplostomulum in trout (Salmo gairdneri). Bolet. Chil. Parasit. 1977, 32, 89–92.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arme C, Ingham L: Proteocephalus sp. in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri: a new host record for the Palaearctic. Irish Nat. J. 1972, 17, 241–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakke TA, Bailey RE: Phyllodistomum umblae (Fabricius) (Digenea, Gorgoderidae) from British Columbia salmonids: a description based on light and scanning electron microscopy. Can. J. Zool. 1987, 65, 1703–1712.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakke TA, Jansen PA, Kennedy CR: The host specificity of Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea): Susceptibility of Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) under experimental conditions. J. Fish Biol. 1991, 39, 45–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bates RM, Kennedy CR: Interactions between the acanthocephalans Pomphorhynchus laevis and Acanthocephalus anguillae in rainbow trout: testing an exclusion hypothesis. Parasitology 1990, 100, 435–444.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer ON, Solomatova VP: The cestode Triae-nophorus crassus (Pallas) (Pseudophyllidea: Triaenophoridae) as a pathogen of cage-reared salmonids. J. Fish Dis. 1984, 7, 501–504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer ON, Musselius VA, Strelkov Yu A: Diseases of pond fishes. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berland B: Cestoda (Bendelmark). (Cestodes, Tapeworms). In: Poppe TT (Ed.): Fiskehelse. (Fish Health) John Grieg Forlag 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertocchi D, Francalanci G: Grave infestazione da Echinorhynchus truttae Schrank in trote iridee de allevamento (Salmo gairdneri). (Heavy infection with Echinorhynchus truttae Schrank in farmed rainbow trout. Vet. Ital. 1963, 14, 475–481.

    Google Scholar 

  • Betterton C: Studies on the host specificity of the eyefluke Diplostomum spathaceum, in brown and rainbow trout. Parasitology 1974, 69, 11–29.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beumer JP, Ashburner, LD, Burbury, ME, Jette E, Latham DJ: A checklist of the parasites of fishes from Australia and its adjacent territories. Technical Communication No. 48 of the Commonwealth Institute of Parasitology, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux 1983, pp. 43–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black G A, Lankester MW: Migration and development of swimbladder nematodes, Cystidicola spp. (Habronematoidea), in their definitive hosts. Can. J. Zool. 1980, 58, 1997–2005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blair D: Observations on the life-cycle of the strigeoid trematode, Apatemon gracilis (Rudolphi, 1819) Szidat, 1928. J. Helminthol. 1976, 50, 125–132.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blair D: A checklist and bibliography of parasites of New Zealand freshwater fish. Mauri Ora 1984, 11, 5–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bristol JR, May berry LF, Huber D, Ehrlich I: Endoparasite fauna of trout in the Plitvice Lakes National Park. Veterinarski Arhiv 1984, 54, 5–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchmann K: Cestodes of migratory trout (Salmo trutta L.) from the Baltic Sea. Bull. Eur. Ass. Fish Pathol. 1987, 7, 115–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchmann K, Uldal A: Effects of eyefluke infections on growth of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in a mariculture system. Bull. Eur. Ass. Fish Pathol. 1994, 14, 104–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchmann K, Uldal A, Lyholt HCK: Parasite infections in Danish trout farms. Acta vet. scand. 1995, 36, 000–000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler JA, Millemann RE: Effect of the “salmon poisoning” trematode Nanophyetus salmincola, on the swimming ability of juvenile salmonid fishes. J. Parasitol. 1971, 57, 860–865.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bylund G, Sumari O: Laboratory tests with Droncit against diplostomiasis in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. J. Fish Dis. 1981, 4, 259–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen NO: Fiskesygdomme. (Fish Diseases). Royal Vet. Agric. University. Kandrup, Copenhagen. 1980, 126 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen S, From J: Rundorme og deres bekaempelse i dambrugsørreder. (Roundworms and their eradication in farmed trout). Fersk-vandsfiskeribladet 1978, 8, 94–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chubb JC, Awachie JBE, Kennedy CR: Evidence for a dynamic equilibrium in the incidence of ces-toda and acanthocephala in the intestines of freshwater fish. Nature, London 1964, 203, 986–987.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cone DK, Cusack R: A study of Gyrodactylus co-lemanensis Mizelle and Kritsky, 1967 and Gyrodactylus salmonis (Yin and Sproston 1948) (Monogenea) parasitizing captive salmonids in Nova Scotia. Can. J. Zool. 1988, 66, 409–415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cone DK, Cusack R: Infrapopulation dispersal of Gyrodactylus colemanensis (Monogenea) on fry of Salmo gairdneri. J. Parasitol. 1989, 75, 702–706.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cone DK, Beverley-Burton M, Wiles M, McDonald TE: The taxonomy of Gyrodactylus (Monogenea) parasitizing certain salmonid fishes of North America, with a description of Gyrodactylus nerkae n.sp. Can. J. Zool. 1983, 61, 2587–2597.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conroy DA: The importance of fish diseases in relation to the development of salmonid culture in South America. Rivista Italiana Di Piscicoltura e Ittiopatologia 1981, 16, 57–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cordero-Del-Campillo M, Alvarez-Pellitero MP: Spinitectus gordoni n.sp. (Nematoda: Spiruroidea) from brown and rainbow trouts in NW Spain. Revista Iberica de Parasitologia 1976, 36, 36–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox WT, Hendrickson GL: Observations on the life cycle of Proteocephalus tumidocollus (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) in steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus my kiss. J. Helminth. Soc. Washington 1991, 58, 39–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crane JW, Mizelle JD: Studies on monogenetic trematodes XXXI. Five new species of Gyrodactylus from California fishes. J. Parasitol. 1967, 53, 270–273.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cusack R: Development of infections of Gyrodactylus colemanensis Mizelle & Kritsky, 1967 (Monogenea) and the effect on fry of Salmo gairdneri Richardson. J. Parasitol. 1986, 72, 663–668.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De NC, Moravec F: Some new data on the morphology and development of the nematode Cystidic-oloides tenuissima (Zeder, 1800). Folia Parasitol. 1979, 26, 231–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dick TA, Papst MH, Paul HC: Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) stocking and Contracaecum spp. J. Wildl. Dis. 1987, 23, 242–247.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dies K: Leech infestations in trout. Can. vet. J. 1990, 31, 119.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn IJ, Russell LR, Adams JR: Cecal histopathology caused by Truttaedacnitis truttae (Nematoda: Cucullanidae) in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Int. J. Parasitol. 1983, 13, 441–445.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engelhardt A, Mirle C: On the formation of the cestode fauna of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus my kiss) in recently-formed standing waters at an open-cast mine. Appl. Parasitol. 1993, 34, 33–49.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Engelhardt A, Mirle C, Granitza I, Petermann H: Untersuchungen zum Vorkommen zur Schadwirkung und Bekämpfung von Proteocephalus neglectus bei Regenbogenforellen in der Netzkäfighaltung. (Investigations on the occurrence, pathogenicity and control of Proteocephalus negelctus in rainbow trout in netcages). Monatshefte für Veterinärmedicin 1988, 43, 169–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ergens R: Gyrodactylus bohemicus sp. nov. (Monogenea: Gyrodactylidae) from Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) and Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchell) (Clupeiformes: Salmonidae) in Czechoslovakia. Folia Parasitol. 1992, 39, 391–394.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fagerholm H-P: Parasites of Fish in Finland. VI Nematodes. Acta Acad. Aboens. Ser. B. 1982, 40 (6), 1–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritzsche S: Reduction of Diplostomum infection of rainbow trout fry (Salmo gairdneri) in the Dobbin fish farm. Zeitschrift für die Binnenfischerei der DDR 1975, 22, 243–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • From J: Fiskeigler of deres bekaempelse. (Fish leeches and their control). Note 53. Danish Trout Culture Research Station. Brøns. Denmark. 1975, 5 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • From J, Hørlyck V: First recorded occurrence of Proteocephalus percae (Müller, 1780) in Danish farmed trout. Bull. Eur. Ass. Fish Pathol. 1981, 1, 40–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Georgescu R, Mihai S, Petica M, Angelescu N, Dascalescu P: Hepaticola petruschewskii and Triae-nophorus nodulosus in fish from nursery ponds and natural waters. Bui. Cercet. Piscic. 1981, 3, 123–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghittino P: Principal problems in parasitology in Italian fish culture. Parasitologia 1979, 21, 27–33.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghittino C: Some cases of proteocephalosis in farmed rainbow trout. Rivista Italiana Piscicoltura e Ittzipatologia 1987, 22, 21–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gussev AV: Parasitic monogeneans. In Bauer, O.N. (Ed.): Key to parasites of freshwater fishes of the USSR. Vol. 2. Academy of Sciences, Zoological Institute, Leningrad, USSR 1985.

  • Halvorsen O, Wissler K: Studies of the helminth fauna of Norway XXVIII: an experimental study of the ability of Diphyllobothrium latum (L.), D. dendriticum (Nitzsch) and D. ditremum (Creplin) (Cestoda, Pseudophyllidea) to infect paratenic hosts. Norw. J. Zool. 1973, 21, 201–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanzelova V, Scholz T: Redescription of Proteocephalus neglectus La Rue, 1911 (Cestoda: Proteoc-ephalidae), a trout parasite, including designation of its lectotype. Folia Parasitol. 1992, 39, 317–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanzelova V, Scholz T: Systematic status of Proteocephalus tumidocollis (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae), a parasite of salmonid fishes in North America. Helminthologia 1993, 30, 157–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanzelovâ V, Spakulova M: Biometrie variability of Proteocephalus neglectus (Cestoda: Proteoce-phalidae) in two different age groups of rainbow trout from Dobsina water reservoir (East Slovakia). Folia Parasitol. 1992, 39, 307–316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hare GM, Frantsi C: Abundance and potential pathology of parasites infecting salmonids in Canadian maritime hatcheries. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 1974, 32, 1031–1036.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hermanns W, Körting W: The histopathology of Cyathocephalus truncatus infection in rainbow trout. Deutsche Tierärztl. Wochenschr. 1986, 94, 71–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiscox JI, Brocksen RW: Effects of a parasitic gut nematode on consumption and growth in juvenile trout (Salmo gairdneri). J. Fish. Res. Board Canada 1973, 30, 443–450

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman GL: Parasites of North American freshwater fishes. University of California Press. Berkeley and Los Angeles. 1967, 486 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Höglund J: Ultrastructural observations and radiometric assay on cercarial penetration and migration of the digenean Diplostomum spathaceum in the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Parasit. Res. 1991, 77, 283–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingham L, Arme C: Intestinal helminths in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri (Richardson): absence of effect on nutrient absorption and fish growth. J. Fish Biol. 1973, 5, 309–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson KA: The migration of Cotylurus erraticus cercariae (Trematoda: Strigeidae) in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and their effects on the host. J. Parasitol. 1971, 57, 244–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones KL, Hammond DM: A study of the parasites from rainbow trout of a commercial fish farm in Cache Valley, Utah. Proc. Utah Acad. Sci. 1960, 37, 157–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joyeux C, Baer JG: Sur le cycle evolutif d'un Tenia de serpent. Comptes Rendue des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences 1933, 1906, 1838–1839.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabata Z: Parasites and diseases of fish cultured in the tropics. Taylor & Francis, London and Philadelphia, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaeding LR: Observations on Eustrongylides sp. infection of brown and rainbow trout in the Fire-hole River, Yellowstone National Park. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 1981, 48, 98–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kakacheva-Avramova D, Menkova I: Helminths of Salmonidae. Veterinarna Sbirka 1979, 77, 15–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kakacheva-Avramova D, Menkova I: The helminths of trout (Salmonidae) in freshwater bodies. Veterinarnomeditsinski Nauki 1982, 19, 78–84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kane MB: Parasites of Irish Fishes. Scient. Proc. R. Dubl. Soc. 1966, Bl, 205–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazic D: Endohelminths of Salmonida from the artificial lake Piva, Montenegro, Yugoslavia. Verhandlungen Internationale Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 1978, 20, 2154–2158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendall RL: Taxonomic changes in North American trout names. The progressive fish-culturist 1988, 50, 189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy CR: A checklist of British and Irish freshwater fish parasites with notes on their distribution. J. Fish Biol. 1974, 6, 613–644.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy CR, Broughton PF, Hine PM: The status of brown and rainbow trout, Salmo trutta and S. gairdneri as hosts of the acanthocephalan, Pomphorhynhus laevis. J. Fish Biol. 1978, 13, 265–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy CR, Hartvigsen R, Halvorsen O: The importance of fish stocking in the dissemination of parasites throughout a group of reservoirs. J. Fish Biol. 1991, 35, 541–552.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lassiere O, Crompton DWT: Evidence for post-cyclic transmission in the life-history of Neoechino-rhynchus rutilii (Acanthocephala). Parasitology 1988, 97, 339–343.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lei Ching H: Report of the metacestode of Paradilepis simoni Rausch, 1949 Cyclophyllidea: Dilepidae) from fish in British Columbia. Can. J. Zool. 1982, 60, 184–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lei Ching H: Description of Neoechinorhynchus salmonis sp.n. (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) from freshwater fishes of British Columbia. J. Parasitol. 1984, 70, 286–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lei Ching H: Occurrence of the eyefluke, Diplostomum baeri bucculentum Dubois et Rausch, 1948, in salmonid fishes of northern British Columbia. Can. J. Zool. 1985, 63, 396–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lorn J, Dykova I: Protozoan parasites of fishes. Developments in aquaculture and fisheries science, Elsevier. 1992, 26, 1–315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucky Z: Fund der Art Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg, 1956 auf der Haut der Regenbogenforelle (Trutta gairdneri irideus Gibbons, 1855). Sb. Vys. Sk. Zemed. Brne, Rada B: Spis. Vet. 1963, 11, 127–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lundborg LE, Ljungberg O: Infection with Caligus sp. in salmon and rainbow trout in netcages. Nord.Vet.-Med. 1977, 29 (suppl. 1), 20–21.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lux E: Infestation of salmonid fish with Gyrodactylus salaris, a diagnostic and taxonomic problem. Tagung der Fachgruppe “Fischkrankheiten” der DVG, Schiemefeld/Thüringen. Deutsche Veterinärmed. Gesellsch. 1991, 87–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maggenti AR: A review of the family Cucullanidae Cobbold, 1864 and the genus Bulbodacnitis Lane, 1916 with a description of Bulbodacnitis ampullastoma sp.n. (Nematoda: Cucullanidae) from Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 1971, 38, 80–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maggenti AR: Anthelmintics for nematode parasites of fish: I. Control of Sterliadochona pedispicula in Salmo gairdneri by diethyl 2-chlorovinyl phosphate and 2, 2 dichlorvinyl dimethyl phosphate pellets. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 1973, 40, 94–97.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malmberg G: Gyrodactylus infestations on species of Salmo in Danish and Swedish hatcheries. Norw. J. Zool. 1973, 21, 325–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malmberg G: Gyrodactylidae and gyrodactylosis of salmonidae. Bull. Fr. Pêche Piscic. 1993, 328, 5–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malmberg G: Salmonid transports, culturing and Gyrodactylus infections in Scandinavia. In: Parasites of freshwater fishes of North-West Europe. Petrozavodsk. 1989, 88–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malmberg G, Malmberg M: Gyrodactylus in salmon and rainbow trout farms. In: Stenmark A, Malmberg G (eds.): Parasites and diseases in natural waters and aquaculture Nordic countries. Naturhistoriska Riksmuseets Reprocentral, Stockholm 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malmberg G, Malmberg M: Undersökningar angående Gyrodactylus på laxfisk i fria vatten och odlingar under åren 1951-72 och 1986-maj 1991. (Investigations on Gyrodactylus on salmonids in free water and farms during the years 1951-72 and 1986-91). Information från Sötvattenslaboratoriet 1991, 2, 1–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marner BE: The parasites of trout in Northwest Washington. J. Parasitol. 1978, 64, 314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Margolis L, Arthur JR: Synopsis of the parasites of Fishes of Canada. Dept. Fish. Oceans, Bulletin 199. Ottawa 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGladdery EE, Murphy L, Hicks BD, Wagner SK: The effects of Stephanostomum tenue (Digenea: Acantholpidae) on marine aquaculture of the rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri. In Pathology in Marine Science. Proc. 3rd Int. Coll. Pathol. Marine Aquacult. Gloucester Point, Virginia, USA. 1988, 305–315.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuigan JB, Sommerville C: Studies on the effects of cage culture of fish on the parasite fauna in a lowland freshwater loch in the west of Scotland. Z. Parasitenkd. 1985, 71, 673–682.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mizelle JD, Kritsky DC: Studies on monogenetic trematodes. XXXIII. New species of Gyrodactylus and a key to North American species. Trans. Amer, microsc. Soc. 1967, 86, 390–401.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mo TA: Variations of opistohaptoral hard parts of Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg, 1957 (Monogenea: Gyrodactylidae) on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) in a fish farm, with comments on the spreading of the parasite in south-eastern Norway. Systematic Parasitology 1991, 20, 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moody J, Gaten E: The population dynamics of eyeflukes Diplostomum spathaceum and Tylodelphus clavata (Digenea: Diplostomatidae) in rainbow trout and brown trout in Rutland Water: 1974-1978. Hydrobiologia 1982, 88, 207–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moravec F: Nematodes of fishes in Czechoslovakia. Acta Sc. Nat. Brno 1971, 5, 1–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moravec F, Margolis L, Boyce NP: Some nematodes of the genus Rhabdochona (Spirurida) from fishes of Japan. Vestnik Ceskoslovenske Spolecnosti Zooloicke 1981, 45, 277–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mudry DR, Anderson RS: Helminth and arthropod parasites of fishes in the mountain national parks of Canada. J. Fish Biol. 1977, 11, 21–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muzzall PM: Parasites of trout from four lotie localities in Michigan. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 1984, 51, 261–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muzzall PM: Endohelminths of salmonids from two localities in eastern Lake Michigan, with emphasis on Echinorhynchus salmonis. Can. J. Zool. 1989, 67, 1604–1607.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muzzall PM: Parasites of parr and lake age Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, from the Pere Marquette River and vicinity, Michigan. J. Helmintol. Soc. Wash. 1993, 60, 55–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagasawa K, Egusa S: Acanthocephalus lucidus Van Cleave (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae) from cultured rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 1981, 47, 1153–1156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nagasawa K, Egusa S: Echinorhynchus cotti Yamaguti, 1935 (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae) in fish of the Kanita river, with a note on the life cycle. Jap. J. Parasitol. 1981, 30, 45–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagasawa K, Sakamoto S: Infection of the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda: Caligadae) on seawater-farmed salmonids in Northern Honshu, Japan. Gyobyo Kenkyu 1993, 28, 143–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakajima K, Egusa S: Acanthocephalus opsariichthydis Yamaguti, 1935, from cultured rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri irideus, in Japan. Fish Pathology 1975, 10, 53–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakajima K, Egusa S: Pseudorhadinorhynchus samegaiensis n.sp. (Acanthocephala), from cultured rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, in Japan. Fish Pathology 1975, 10, 58–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa K: A monogenean parasite Gyrodactylus masu sp.n. (Monogena: Gyrodactylidae) of salmonid fish in Japan. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 1986, 52, 947–950.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Otto F, Körting W: Sektionsbericht zu einen Endoparasitenbefall bei Regenbogenforellen. (Section report from a case of endoparasitism of rainbow trout). Veterinärmedizinische Nachrichten 1973, 2, 103–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paperna I, Lahav M: New records and further data on fish parasites in Israel. Bamidgeh 1971, 23, 43–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavlovskii EN (ed.): Key to parasites of freshwater fish of the USSR. Israel program for scientific translations, Jerusalem 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmieri JR, Heckmann RA, Evans RS: Life cycle and incidence of Diplostomum spathaceum Rudolphi (1819) (Trematoda: Diplostomatidae) in Utah. Great Basin Naturalist 1976, 36, 86–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poynton SL, Bennett CE: Parasitic infections and their interactions in wild and cultured brown trout and cultured rainbow trout from the river Itchen, Hampshire. In: Fish and Shellfish Pathology (Ed. Ellis, AE.). Academic Press, London 1985. pp. 353–357.

    Google Scholar 

  • Priemer J: The life-cycle of the cestode Proteocephalus neglectus from rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri. Ang. Parasitol. 1980, 21, 125–133.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Priemer J: On the life-cycle of Proteocephalus exiguus (Cestoda) from Salmo gairdneri (Pisces). Helminthologia 1987, 24, 75–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prost M: Fish Monogenea of Poland. IX. Two species of Gyrodactylus from Salmonidae. Acta Parasitol. Polon. 1991, 36, 109–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pugachev ON: Parasites of freshwater fishes of North-east Asia. Zoological Institute, USSR Academy of Sciences 1984, 156 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen CJ, Bregnballe F: Parasitaere lidelser hos orreder. (Parasitic trout diseases). Note No. 22 from Danish Trout Culture Research Station Brøns, Denmark. 1962, 64 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rawstron RR: Harvest and survival of rainbow trout infected with Sanguinicola davisi Wales. Calif. Fish Game 1971, 57, 253–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rehulka J: Remarks on the occurrence of Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg, 1957 sensu Ergens, 1961 (Monogenoidea: Gyrodactylidae). Vestnik Ces-koslovenske Spolecnosti Zoologicke 1973, 37, 293–295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichenbach-Klinke H: Rückgratverkrümming bei Fischen nach Acanthocephalen (Kratzer)-Befall. (Deformities of backbone of fishes due to acanthocephalan infection). Z. Parasitenkd. 1954, 16, 253–254.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reimer LW: Die Rolle der Parasiten bei der Fischaufzucht im Brackwasser der Ostsee. Fischerei-Forschung 1985, 23, 97–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Revenga JE: Diphyllobothrium dendriticum and Diphyllobothrium latum in fishes from southern Argentina: association, abundance, distribution, pathological effects, and risk of human infection. J. Parasitol. 1993, 79, 379–383.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ringuelet RA: A new leech from Colombia parasitic on rainbow trout. Neotropica 1975, 21, 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohde K: Diseases caused by Metazoans: Helminths. In: Kinne O (Ed). Diseases of marine animals. IV, 1. Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Hamburg. 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen R, Dick TA: Experimental infections of rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson, with plerocercoids of Triaenophorus crassus Forel. J. Wildl. Dis. 1984, 20, 34–38.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosengarten R: Parasitologische Untersuchungen an Regenbogenforellen (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) in einer Forellenteichwirtschaft in Westniedersachsen. (Parasitological investigations on rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) in a trout farm in Westniedersachsen. Dissertation. Fachgebiet Fischkrankheiten und Fischhaltung der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover, Germany 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rushton W: Blindness in freshwater fish. Nature. London. 1937, 140, 1014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sato T, Hoshina T, Horiuchi M: On worm cataract of rainbow trout in Japan. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 1976, 42, 249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schell SC: The life history of Sanguinicola idahoensis sp.n. (Trematoda: Sanguinicolidae), a blood parasite of steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. J. Parasitol. 1974, 60, 561–566.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shariff M, Richards RH, Sommerville C: The histopathology of acute and chronic infections of rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson with eye flukes, Diplostomum spp. J. Fish Dis. 1980, 3, 455–465.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shigin AA: Diplostomum infection of carp. In Pro-blemy parasitologii. Trudy VII Nauchnoi Konferentsii Parasitologov USSR. Part II. Kiev, USSR. Izdatelstvo “Naukova Dumka”. 1972, pp. 442–443. (Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Scholz T, Hanzelovå V: Taxonomic study of two Proteocephalus species (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) parasitizing coregonid fishes: the synonymy of P fallax La Rue, 1911 with P. exiguus La Rue, 1911. Systematic Parasitology 1994, 27, 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith GR, Steady RF: The classification and scientific names of rainbow and cutthroat trouts. Fisheries 1989, 14, 4–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith JW, Wootten R: Anisakis and anisakiasis. Adv. Parasitol. 1978, 16, 93–163.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swennen C, Heesen HJ, Höcker AWM: Occurrence and biology of the trematodes Cotylurus (Ichthyocotylurus) erraticus, C. (I.) variegatus and C. (I.) platycephalus (Digenea: Strigeidae) in the Netherlands. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 1979, 13, 161–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Szidat L, Soria MF: Diphyllobothriasis in our country. Preliminary note. Prensa Medica Argentina 1952, 39, 77–78.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taraschewski H, Mehlhorn H, Raether W: Loperamid, an efficacious drug against fish-pathogenic acanthocephalans. Parasitol. Res. 1990, 76, 619–623.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tiainen OA: Diplostomum metacercariae (Trematoda, Diplostomatidae) as parasites in the eyes of trout and burbot in Finland. Annels zool. fenn. 1966, 3, 172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tojo J, Santamarina MT, Ubeira FM, Estevez J, Sanmartin ML: Anthelmintic activity of benzimidazoles against Gyrodactylus sp. infecting rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Dis. aquat. Org. 1992, 12, 185–189.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torres P, Alvarez-Pellitero MP: Studies on the life-cycle of Raphidascaris acus (Nematoda, Anisakidae): in vitro development of the early stages and experimental infection of macroinvertebrates and Salmo gairdneri. Revista Iberica de Parasitologia 1988, 48, 41–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torres P, Torres J, Garrido O, Thibaut J: Research on Pseudophyllidea (Carus, 1813) in Southern Chile. X. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, Chile 1989, 27, 51–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torres P, Cabezas X, Arenas J, Miranda JC, Jara C, Gallardo C: Ecological aspects of nematode parasites of introduced salmonids from Valdivia river basin, Chile. Memorias do instituto Oswaldo Cruz 1991, 86, 115–122.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tort L, Watson J J, Friede IG: Changes in in vitro heart performance in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, infected with Apatemon gracilis (Digenea). J. Fish Biol. 1987, 30, 341–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trejo A: A comparative study of the host parasite relationship of Pomphorhynchus patagonicus (Acanthocephala) in two species of fish from Lake Rosario (Chubut, Argentina). J. Parasitol. 1992, 78, 711–715.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Urawa S, Kato T: Heavy infection of Caligus orientalis (Copepoda: Caligidae) on cage rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in brackish water. Gyobyo Kenkyu 1991, 26, 161–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uzmann JR, Hayduk SH: Larval Echinochasmus (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. J. Parasitol. 1964, 50, 586.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner ED: A new species of Proteocephalus Weinland, 1858, (Cestoda), with notes on its life history. Transact. Am. Microscop. Soc. 1953, 72, 364–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wales JH: Two new blood fluke parasites of trout. California Fish and Game. 1958, 44, 125–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wanstall ST, Robotham PWJ, Thomas JS: Pathological changes induced by Pomphorhynchus laevis Muller (Acanthocephala) in the gut of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Z. Parasitenkd. 1986, 72, 105–114.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weekes PJ, Penlington B: First records of Ligula intestinalis (Cestoda) in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, and common bully, Gobiomorphus cotidianus, in New Zealand. J. Fish Biol. 1986, 28, 183–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wells PR, Cone DK: Experimental studies on the effect of Gyrodactylus colemanensis and G. salmonis (Monogenea) on density of mucous cells in the epidermis of fry of Oncorhynchus mykiss. J. Fish Biol. 1990, 37, 599–603.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wier W, Mayberry LF, Kinzer HG, Turner PR: Parasites of fishes in the Gila river drainage in Southwestern New Mexico. J. Wildl. Dis. 1983, 19, 59–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams HH, Jones A: Parasitic worms of fish. Taylor & Francis, London, 1994.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson RK, Foreyt WT: Prevalence of Nanophyetus salmincola, the vector of salmon poisoning disease in steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) in Idaho. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Washington 1985, 52, 136–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wisniewski LW: O rodzajach rodziny Coitocaecidae (Trematoda). Archiwum Towarzystwa Naukow-ego we Lwowie Section 1933, III 6, 1–13 (Engl. Abstr in Helm. Abstr. 1959.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wootten R: Occurrence of the metacercariae of Co-tylurus erraticus (Rudolphi, 1809) Szidat, 1928 (Digenea: Strigeidae) in brown trout Salmo trutta L. and rainbow trout S. gairdneri Richardson, 1836, from Hanningfield reservoir, Essex. J. Helminthol. 1973, 47, 389–398.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wootten R, Smith JW: Observational and experimental studies on the acquisition of Anisakis sp. larvae (Nematoda: Ascaridida) by trout in fresh water. Int. J. Parasitol. 1975, 5, 373–378.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wootten R, Smith JW, Needham EA: Aspects of the biology of the parasitic copepods Lepeoph-theirus salmonis and Caligus elongatus on farmed salmonids, and their treatment. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edingburg (B) 1982, 81, 185–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zitnan R, Cankovic M: Comparison of the epizooto-logical importance of the parasites of Salmo gairdneri irideus in the two coast areas of Bosna and Herzegovina. Helminthologia (Bratislava). 1970, 11, 161–166.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Danish Agricultural and Veterinary Research Council and is a part of the programme on Disease prevention, genetics and nutrition in rainbow trout production. The authors are indebted to Mr. Per J0rgensen and Mr. Poul Hansen who translated Russian texts.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Buchmann, K., Uldal, A. & Lyholt, H.C.K. A Checklist of Metazoan Parasites from Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Acta Vet Scand 36, 299–318 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03547676

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03547676

Keywords