Skip to main content
  • Published:

Disease Occurrence and Risk Factor Analysis in Finnish Ayrshire Cows

Sjukdomsförekomst och riskfaktoranalys hos finska Ayrshire kor

Abstract

Disease occurrences and risk factors for the most common diseases among 39,727 Finnish Ayrshire dairy cows belonging to 2338 herds were studied. All the cows calved during 1993 and were followed until the next calving or culling.

Lactational incidence risks, recurrence of, and number of treatments required for one episode of a disease are described for 17 different veterinary diagnoses. The 5 most common diseases and their lactational incidence risks were: acute mastitis (17.0%), anestrus (8.1%), ovarian cysts (7.3%), milk fever (5.4%), and ketosis (4.9%). The highest recurrence probability (14.2%) was observed for acute mastitis, followed by fertility disorders. Milk fever was the one disease that required the most repeated treatments, i.e., almost 30% of the cows were treated at least twice, whereas for most of the other diseases about 10% of the cows required more than one treatment per first episode of the disease.

Logistic regression models were fitted to study the effect of milk yield and other risk factors on the occurrence of the 5 most common diseases. Increasing milk yield was found to be a risk factor for acute mastitis, ovarian cysts, and for anestrus among older cows (parity>2), and for milk fever among younger cows (parity = 2). Several diseases were found to be risk factors for other diseases. kw|Keywords|k]dairy; k]milk yield; k]logistic regression

Sammanfatting

Sjukdomsförekomsten och riskfaktorer för de vanligaste sjukdomarna, hos 39,727 Finska Ayrshire mjölk kor på 2338 gådar, undersöktes. Alla korna kalvade under 1993 och de följdes upp fram till nästa kalvning eller tills de slaktades.

Incidensrisken under laktationsperioden, antal behandlingar för och upprepning av en episod av en viss sjukdom beskrivs för 17 olika, av veterinär stälda, diagnoser. De fem vanligaste diagnoserna och deras insidensrisk under laktationsperioden var: akut mastit (17.0%), anestrus (8.1%), ovarie cystor (7.3%), kalvnings förlamning (5.4%) och acetonemi (4.9%). Akut mastit hade den största sannolikheten för upprepning av sjukdomsepisoden (i 14.2% av fallen), följd av fertilitetsstörningar. Kalvningsförlamning var den sjukdom som krävde det högsta antalet behandlingar för en episod av sjukdomen. Nästan 30% av korna med kalvningsförlamning behandlades åtminstone 2 gånger. Mer än en behandling krävdes vid ca. 10% av fallen av de andra undersökta sjukdomarna.

För undersökning av riskfaktorerna för de fem vanligaste sjukdomarna gjordes en logistisk regressions modell upp. Högre produktionsnivå visade sig vara en riskfaktor för akut mastit, ovarie cystor, för anestrus hos äldre kor (>2 kalvningar) och för kalvningsförlamning hos yngre kor (vid andra kalvningen). Det visade sig att flera av sjukdomarna var riskfaktorer för andra sjukdomar.

References

  • Alban L, Lawson LG, Agger JF: Foul in the foot (interdigital necrobacillosis) in Danish dairy cows - frequency and possible risk factors. Prev. Vet. Med. 1995,24, 73–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bendixen PH, Vílson B, Ekesbo I, Ã…strand DB: Disease frequencies in dairy cows in Sweden. III. Parturient paresis. Prev. Vet. Med. 1987,5, 87–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bergsten, C, Herlin, AH: Sole haemorrhages and heel erosion in dairy cows: the influence of housing system on their prevalence and severity. Acta Vet. Scand. 1996, 37, 4, 395–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bigras-Poulin M, Meek AH, Martin SW: Interrelationships among health problems and milk production from consecutive lactations in selected Ontario Holstein cows. Prev. Vet. Med. 1990a, 8, 15–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bigras-Poulin M, Meek AH, Martin SW, McMillan I: Health problems in selected Ontario Holstein cows: frequency of occurences, time to first diagnosis and associations. Prev. Vet. Med. 1990b, 10, 79–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cobo-Abreu R, Martin Sty Stone JB, Willoughby RA: The rates and patterns of survivorship and disease in a university dairy herd. Can. Vet. J. 1979, 20, 177–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Distl O, Wurm A, Glibotic A, Brem G, Kraublich H: Analysis of relationship between veterinary recorded production diseases and milk production in dairy cows. Livestock Prod. Sei. 1989,23, 67–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dohoo IR, Martin SW: Disease, production and culling in Holstein-Friesian cows II. Age, season and sire effects. Prev. Vet. Med. 1984, 2, 655–670.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dohoo IR, Martin Sty Meek AH, Sandals WCD: Disease, production and culling in Holstein-Friesian cows I. The data. Prev. Vet. Med. 1983, 1, 321–334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dohoo IR, Martin SW Meek AH, Sandals WCD: Disease, production and culling in Holstein-Friesian cows III. Disease and production as determinants of disease. Prev. Vet. Med. 1984, 2, 671–690.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emanuelson U, Oltenacu PA, Gröhn YT: Nonlinear mixed model analyses of 5 production disorders of dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci 1993, 76, 2765–2772.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erb HN, Martin SW: Interrelationships between production and reproductive diseases in Holstein cows. Age and seasonal patterns. J. Dairy Sci. 1980, 64, 1918–1924.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erb HN: Interrelationships among production and clinical disease in dairy cattle: A review. Can. Vet. J. 1987, 28, 326–329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenough PR, Weaver AD, Broom DM, Esslemont RJ, Galindo FA: Basic concepts of bovine lameness. In: Lameness in Cattle. P. R. Greenough and A. D. Weaver. Philadephia, W.B. Saunders Company. (1997).: 3–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gröhn Y, Saloniemi H, Syväjärvi J: An epidemiological and genetic study on registered diseases in Finnish Ayrshire cattle. I. The data, disease occurrence and culling. Acta Vet. Scand. 1986, 27, 182–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gröhn Y, Thompson JR, Bruss ML: Epidemiolgy and genetic basis of ketosis in Finnish Ayrshire cattle. Prev. Vet. Med. 1984, 3, 65–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gröhn YT, Eicker Sty Hertl JA: The association between 305-day milk yield and disease in New York dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 1995, 78, 1693–1702.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gröhn YT, Erb HN, McCulloch CE, Saloniemi HS: Epidemiology of metabolic disorders in dairy cattle: Association among host characteristics, disease and production. J. Dairy Sci. 1989, 72, 1876–1885.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gröhn YT, Erb HN, McCulloch CE, Saloniemi HS: Epidemiology of mammary gland disorders in multiparous Finnish Ayrshire cows. Prev. Vet. Med. 1990a, 8, 241–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gröhn YT, Erb HN, McCulloch CE, Saloniemi HS: Epidemiology of reproductive disorders in dairy cattle: Associations among host characteristics, disease and production. Prev. Vet. Med. 1990b, 8, 25–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gröhn YT, Hertl JA, Harman JL: Effect of early lactation milk yield on reproductive disorders in dairy cows. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1994,55, 1521–1528.

    Google Scholar 

  • Honkanen-Buzalski T, Myllys V, Kulkas L: Prevalence of mastitis in Finland. Suomen Eläinlääkärilehti 1996, 4, 191–197 (in Finnish).

    Google Scholar 

  • Saloniemi H, Roine K: Field observations on the incidence of bovine clinical mastitis and teat diseases. Nord. Vet. Med. 1981, 33, 297–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • SAS Institute Inc.: SAS/STAT® Software: Changes and enhancements, Release 6.10. Cary, NC, SAS Institute Inc. 1994.

  • Snedecor GW, Cochran WG: Statistical methods. Ames, Iowa, Iowa State University Press, 1989, pp. 234–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solbu H: Disease recording in Norwegian dairy cattle III. Factors affecting diseases related to the reproductive performance. Z. Tierz. Zühtungsbiol. 1984,100, 139–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Arendonk JAM, Hovenier R, De Boer W: Pheno-typic and genetic association between fertility and production in dairy cows. Livestock Prod. Sci. 1989,27, 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The study was supported by the Finnish Academy. Computations supporting this research were performed on the Cornell Production Supercomputer Facility (Ithaca, NY), which is supported in part by the National Science Foundation, New York, and the IBM Corporation.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to P.J. Rajala.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Rajala, P., Grohn, Y. Disease Occurrence and Risk Factor Analysis in Finnish Ayrshire Cows. Acta Vet Scand 39, 1–13 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03547802

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03547802