- Published:
The Effect of Various Levels of Calcium, Phosphorus and Vitamin D in the Feed for Growing Pigs with Special Reference to Atrophic Rhinitis
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica volume 8, pages 369–389 (1967)
Abstract
Thirty-two pigs were divided into 8 groups in an experiment to study the effect of various levels of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D in the feed on weight gain, feed conversion, calcium, inorganic phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase in serum, ash content of the bones and the health of the pigs.
Deficiency of vitamin D caused various degrees of rickets, and some of the animals fed on a diet with a low calcium-phosphorus ratio died in hypocalcemic convulsions. Vitamin D deficiency caused a fall in serum calcium, followed by an increase in alkaline phosphatase.
The animals on a diet deficient in vitamin D and with a low calcium-phosphorus ratio had a poorer weight gain, decreased feed conversion efficiency and lower ash content of the bones than the animals on diets with an optimal composition.
Various degrees of bone resorption were observed by histological examination of the turbinates from animals on diets with an unfavourable calcium-phosphorus ratio or deficient in vitamin D. The bone resorption was caused by socalled pericytic osteolysis. Signs of osteodystrophia fibrosa were also found. Neither macroscopic nor histological signs of atrophic rhinitis were seen.
In some cases of spontaneous atrophic rhinitis from pigs outside the experiment pericytic osteolysis of the turbinates was also shown. It is concluded that this form of bone resorption may occur simultaneously with atrophic rhinitis when the diet is deficient in vitamin D or when the calcium-phosphorus ratio is unfavorable.
References
Abderhalden, R.: Clinical enzymology. Princeton, New Jersey 1961, 448 pp.
Bélanger, L. F., T. Semba, S. Tolnai, D. H. Copp, L. Krook & C. Gries: The two faces of resorption. Proc. 3rd Europ. Symp. Calcified Tissues. Davos 1965. (Cited from Brown et al. 1966).
Bendixen, H. C.: Veterinäre problemer i forbindelse med sygelige til-stande hos unge grise med særligt henblik på dystrofiske til-stände i svinets næsehule. Medlemsbl. danske Dyrlægeforen. 1957, 40, 93–120.
Bessey, D. A., O. H. Lowry & M. J. Brock: A method for the rapid determination of alkaline phosphatase with five cubic millimeters of serum. J. biol. Chem. 1946, 164, 321–329.
Björklund, N. E.: Atrophic rhinitis of pigs. Diss., Stockholm 1958.
Brown, W. R., L. Krook & W. G. Pond: Atrophic rhinitis in swine. Cornell Vet. 1966, 56, Suppl. 1.
Chapman, H. L., Jr., J. Kastelic, G. C. Ashton, P. G. Homeyer, C. Y. Roberts, D. V. Catron, V. W. Hays & V. C. Speer: Calcium and phosphorus requirements of growing-finishing pigs. J. Animal Sci. 1962, 21, 112–118.
Combs, G. E., J. M. Vandepopuliere, H. D. Wallace & M. Roger: Phosphorus requirement of young pigs. J. Animal Sci. 1962, 21, 3–8.
Combs, G. E. & H. D. Wallace: Growth and digestibility studies with young pigs fed various levels and sources of calcium. J. Animal Sci. 1962, 21, 734–737.
Combs, G. E., T. H. Berry, H. D. Wallace & R. C. Crum Jr.: Influence of supplemental vitamin D on gain, nutrient digestibility and tissue composition of young pigs. J. Animal Sci. 1966a, 25, 48–51.
Combs, G. E., T. H. Berry, H. D. Wallace & R. C. Crum Jr.: Levels and sources of vitamin D for pigs fed diets containing varying quantities of calcium. J. Animal Sci. 1966b, 25, 827–830.
Duncan, J. R., R. F. Ross, W. P. Switzer & F. K. Ramsey: Pathology of experimental Bordetella bronchiseptica infection in swine: Atrophic rhinitis. Amer. J. vet. Res. 1966, 27, 457–466.
Fiske, C. H. & Y. Subbarow: The colorimetric determination of phos-phorus. J. biol. Chem. 1925, 66, 375–400.
Haaranen, S.: Alkaalinen fosfataasi ja eräät veren kivenäiset aivastustautisioilla. Suom. Eläinlääk.-L. (Finsk Vet.-T.) 1966, 72, 467–468.
Halse, K.: Personal communication.
Ham, A. W.: Histology. 3rd Ed. J. B. Lippincolt Company, Philadelphia, Montreal 1957, 894 pp.
Jonsson, P.: Naesef oran dringern e hos forsøgssvinene på de faste svine-forsøgsstationer. Landøkonom. Forsøgslab. efterårsmøde 1966, 123–128.
Jubb, K. V. F. & P. E. Kennedy: Pathology of domestic animals. Academic Press, New York and London 1963, 1, 477 pp.
Krook, L.: Nyssjuka hos svin — etiologi, patogenes och profylax. Svensk Vet.-Tidn. 1965, 17, 548–554.
Larsen, S.: Deformerende conchaatrofi hos ungsvin som følge af fejlaktigt eraaeringsmiljø hos modersoen. Nord. Vet.-Med. 1962, 14, 770–779.
Luduigsen, J.: Undersøgelser over nysesyge og dens årsager. 319. Beretn. Forsøgslab., Kbh. 1960.
Majno, G. & E. Rouiller: Die alkalische Phosphatase in der Biologie des Knochengewebes. Virchows Arch. path. Anat. 1951, 321, 1–60.
Miller, E. R., D. E. Ullrey, C. L. Zutaut, B. V. Baltzer, D. A. Schmidt, J. A. Hoefer & R. W. Luecke: Calcium requirement in the baby pig. J. Nutr. 1962, 77, 7–17.
Miller, E. R., D. E. Ullrey, C. L. Zutaut, B. V. Baltzer, D. A. Schmidt, J. A. Hoefer & R. W. Luecke: Phosphorus requirement of the baby pig. J. Nutr. 1964a, 82, 34–40.
Miller, E. R., D. E. Ullrey, C. L. Zutaut, J. A. Hoefer & R. W. Luecke: Mineral balance studies with the baby pig: Effects of dietary phosphorus level upon calcium and phosphorus balance. J. Nutr. 1964b, 82, 111–114.
Miller, E. R., D. E. Ullrey, C. L. Zutaut, B. V. Baltzer, D. A. Schmidt, B. H. Vincent, J. A. Hoefer & R. W. Luecke: Vitamin D2 requirement of the baby pig. J. Nutr. 1964c, 83, 140–148.
Miller, E. R., D. E. Ullrey, C. L. Zutaut, J. A. Hoefer & R. L. Luecke: Comparisons of casein and soy protein upon mineral balance and vitamin D2 requirement of the baby pig. J. Nutr. 1965, 85, 347–354.
National Research Council, Nat. Acad. Sci.: Nutrient requirements of swine. 5th rev. Ed. 1964.
Nieberle, K. & P. Cohrs: Lehrbuch der speziellen pathologischen Anatomie der Haustiere. 4. Aufl. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart 1962, 1067 pp.
Pallaske, G.: Pathologische Histologie. 2. Aufl. Veb Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena 1960, 457 pp.
Pedersen, J. G. A.: Experimentei rakitis hos svin. Betydningen af foderets indhold af fytin og fytase. 193. Beretn. Forsøgslab., Kbh. 1940.
Pullar, E. M.: Mineral deficiencies in pigs. Bone ash estimations as a diagnostic aid in rickets and osteomalacia. Aust. vet. J. 1960, 36, 31–45.
Recklinghausen, F. von: Über Rachitis und Osteomalacie. Jena, Fischer, 1910. (Cited from Brown et al. 1966).
Ringbom, A., G. Pensar & E. Wänninen: A complexiometric titration method for determining calcium in the presence of magnesium. Analytica chim. Acta 1958, 19, 525–531.
Rutledge, E. A., L. E. Hanson & R. J. Meade: A study of the calcium requirements of pigs weaned at three weeks of age. J. Animal Sci. 1961, 20, 243–245.
Schofield, F. W. & T. L. Jones: The pathology and bacteriology of infectious atrophic rhinitis in swine. J. Amer. vet. med. Ass. 1950, 116, 120–123.
Simesen, M. G.: Calcium, inorganic phosphorus, and magnesium metabolism in health and disease. In, Cornelius & Kaneko: Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals. Academic Press, New York and London 1963, 441–498.
Switzer, W. P.: Infectious atrophic rhinitis. In, H. W. Dunne: Diseases of swine. The Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa 1964, 675–694.
Vadla, E., T. Homb, M. Husby & K. Breirem: Standardkraftfórblandinger til svin. 81. Beretn. Norges Landbr.Høgsk., Fóringsfors. 1957.
Zeiss-Opton: Klinische Photometrie. 3. Aufl. Stuttgart 1951, 124 pp.
Zimmermann, D. R., V. C. Speer, V. W. Hays & D. V. Catron: Effect of calcium and phosphorus levels on baby pig performance. J. Animal Sci. 1963, 22, 658–661.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Baustad, B., Teige, J. & Tollersrud, S. The Effect of Various Levels of Calcium, Phosphorus and Vitamin D in the Feed for Growing Pigs with Special Reference to Atrophic Rhinitis. Acta Vet Scand 8, 369–389 (1967). https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03547823
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03547823