- Published:
Effects of Mild Mitral Valve Insufficiency, Sodium Intake, and Place of Blood Sampling on the Renin-Angiotensin System in Dogs
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica volume 37, pages 109–118 (1996)
Abstract
In 23 Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, 12 with mild mitral valve insufficiency (MVI) and 11 controls, the activity of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) was assessed by measuring the plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) in 5 different settings. The dogs were sampled at the clinic before the trial and thereafter at home and at the clinic; during both a period on control diet and a period on low sodium diet. The dogs with mild MVI had the highest median PRA and PAC in all 5 settings. An analysis of variance accordingly showed that dogs with mild MVI had significantly higher PRA (p<0.0001) and PAC (p = 0.03) than controls, and that the sodium intake and place of blood sampling did not significantly affect this finding. The sodium intake had highly significant effects on PRA and PAC, and the place of blood sampling had no significant effects on PRA and PAC. The activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme in serum was lower in dogs with mild MVI than in controls (p = 0.0002). The plasma levels of endothelin-1, atrial natriuretic peptide, and arginine vasopressin, 3 peptides of pathophysiologic importance in congestive heart failure, were not significantly changed by the disease.
The early activation of the RAS in dogs with MVI suggests that the valvular disease process itself might be the cause of the activation, but confirmation of this requires further studies.
References
Beardow AW, Buchanan JW: Chronic mitral valve disease in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: 95 cases (1987–1991). J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1993, 203, 1023–1029.
Boudoulas H, Kolibash AJ, Baker P, King BD, Wooley CF: Mitral valve prolapse and the mitral valve prolapse syndrome: A diagnostic classification and pathogenesis of symptoms. Amer. Heart J. 1989, 118, 796–818.
Cambien F, Poirier O, Lecerf L, Evans A, Cambou J, Arveiler D, Luc G, Bard J, Bara L, Ricard S, Tiret L, Amouyel P, Alhenc-Gelas F, Soubrier F: Deletion polymorphism in the gene for angiotensinconverting enzyme is a potent risk factor for myocardial infarction. Nature 1992, 359, 641–644.
Coghlan HC: Autonomic dysfunction in the mitral valve prolapse syndrome: The brain-heart connection and interaction. In: Boudoulas H, Wooley CF, eds. Mitral valve prolapse and the mitral valve prolapse syndrome. Mount Kisco, NY: Futura Publishing Company, Inc, 1988, 389–426.
Darke PGG: Valvular incompetence in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Vet. Rec. 1987, 120, 365–366.
Davis JO, Freeman RH: Mechanisms regulating renin release. Physiological Reviews 1976, 56, 1–56.
DeBold AJ, Kuroski-DeBold ML, Boer PH, Dubé G, Mangat H, Johnson F: A decade of atrial natriuretic factor research. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1991, 69, 1480–1485.
Dzau VJ, Colucci WS, Hollenberg NK, Williams GH: Relation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to clinical state in congestive heart failure. Circulation 1981, 63, 645–651.
Emmeluth C, Bie P: Effects, release and disposal of endothelin-1 in conscious dogs. Acta Physiol. Scand. 1992, 146, 197–204.
Emmeluth C, Drummer C, Gerzer R, Bie P: Natriure- sis in conscious dogs caused by increased carotid [Na+] during angiotensin II and aldosterone blockade. Acta Physiol. Scand. 1994, 151, 403–411.
Francis GS: Neuroendocrine activity in congestive heart failure. Amer. J. Cardiol. 1990, 66, 33D–39D.
Francis GS, Benedict C, Johnstone DE, Kirlin PC, Nicklas J, Liang C, Kubo SH, Rudin-Toretsky E, Yusuf S: Comparison of neuroendocrine activation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction with and without congestive heart failure. A substudy of the studies of left ventricular dysfunction (SOLVD). Circulation 1990, 82, 1724–1729.
Häggström J, Hansson K, Kvart C, Swenson L: Chronic valvular disease in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel in Sweden. Vet. Rec. 1992, 131, 549–553.
Häggström J, Hansson K, Karlberg BE, Kvart C, Olsson K: Plasma concentration of atrial natriuretic peptide in relation to severity of mitral regurgitation in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Amer. J. Vet. Res. 1994, 55, 698–703.
Jensen AL, Koch J: Determination of angiotensin converting enzyme in canine serum. Clin. Chem. Enzym. Comms. 1992, 4, 311–317.
Kirlin PC, Grekin R, Das S, Bailor E, Johnson T, Pitt B: Neurohumoral activation during exercise in congestive heart failure. Amer. J. Med. 1986, 81, 623–629.
Nicholls MG and Riegger AJG: Renin in cardiac failure. Chapter 76 in: Robertson JIS and Nicholls MG (eds.) The renin-angiotensin system. Gower Medical Publishing, London, 1993.
Pedersen HD, Koch J, Jensen AL, Poulsen K, Flagstad A: Some effects of a low sodium diet high in potassium on the renin-angiotensin system and plasma electrolyte concentrations in normal dogs. Acta vet. scand. 1994a, 35, 133–140.
Pedersen HD, Koch J, Bie P, Jensen AL, Flagstad A: Effects of a low sodium diet with a high potassium content on plasma endothelin-1, atrial natriuretic peptide and arginine vasopressin in normal dogs. J. Vet. Med. A. 1994b, 41, 713–716.
Pedersen HD, Olsen LH, Arnorsdottir H: Breed differences in the plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration of dogs. J. Vet. Med. A. 1995a, 42, 435–441.
Pedersen HD, Kristensen B0, Lorentzen KA, Koch J, Jensen AL, Flagstad A: Mitral valve prolapse in 3-year-old healthy Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. An echocardiographic study. Can. J. Vet. Res. 1995b, 59, 294–298.
Pedersen HD, Koch J, Poulsen K, Jensen AL, Flagstad A: Activation of the renin-angiotensin system in dogs with asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic mitral valvular insufficiency. J. Vet. Int. Med. 1995c, 9, 328–331.
Pinto JEB, Viglione P, Saavedra JM: Autoradiographic localization and quantification of rat heart angiotensin converting enzyme. Amer. J. Hypertens. 1991, 4, 321–326.
Poulsen K, Jorgensen J: An easy radioimmunologi- cal microassay of renin activity, concentration and substrate in human and animal plasma and tissues based on angiotensin I trapping by antibody. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1974, 39, 816–825.
Raynolds MV, Bristow MR, Bush EW, Abraham WT, Lowes BD, Zisman LS, Taft CS, Perryman MB: Angiotensin-converting enzyme DD genotype in patients with ischaemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Lancet 1993, 342, 1073–1075.
Rigat B, Hubert C, Alhenc-Gelas F, Cambien F, Corvol P, Soubrier F: An insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene accounting for half the variance of serum enzyme levels. J. Clin. Invest. 1990, 86, 1343–1346.
Schütten HJ, Johannessen AC, Torp-Pedersen C, Sander-Jensen K, Bie P, Warberg J: Central venous pressure - a physiological stimulus for secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide in humans? Acta Physiol. Scand. 1987, 131, 265–272.
Sun Y, Diaz-Arias AA, Weber KT: Angiotensin-con- verting enzyme, bradykinin, and angiotensin II receptor binding in rat skin, tendon, and heart valves: An in vitro, quantitative autoradiographic study. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1994, 123, 372–377.
Thrusfield MV, Aitken CGG, Darke PGG: Observations on breed and sex in relation to canine heart valve incompetence. J. Small Anim. Pract. 1985, 26, 709–717.
Vieweg WVR, Veldhuis JD, Carey RM: Temporal pattern of renin and aldosterone secretion in men: effects of sodium balance. Am J. Physiol. 1992, 262, F871–F877.
Vollmar AM: Endothelins. J. Vet. Med. A. 1992, 39, 481–493.
Watkins L Jr, Burton JA, Haber E, Cant JR, Smith FW, Barger AC: The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in congestive failure in conscious dogs. J. Clin. Invest. 1976, 57, 1606–1617.
Yamada H, Fabris B, Allen AM, Jackson B, Johnston CI, Mendelsohn FAO: Localization of angiotensin converting enzyme in rat heart. Circ. Res. 1991, 68, 141–149.
Acknowledgments
The author wish to thank Professor Knud Poulsen, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University (RVAU) for providing laboratory facilities and reagents for the measurement of PRA. Associated professor Peter Bie, Department of Medical Physiology, University of Copenhagen is gratefully acknowledged for measuring ET-1, ANP and AVP. Assistant professor Annette Ersbøll, Department of Mathematics and Physics, RVAU is acknowledged for assisting with the statistical analyses. The excellent technical assistence of Ms Karin Faber and Mrs Susannne Holm Kristiansen, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, RVAU is highly appreciated. WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Leicestershire, England is acknowledged for providing the diets. The study was supported by the Danish Agricultural and Veterinary Research Council project No. 13-4661 and 9400437, and by the Novo Nordic Fund.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pedersen, H.D. Effects of Mild Mitral Valve Insufficiency, Sodium Intake, and Place of Blood Sampling on the Renin-Angiotensin System in Dogs. Acta Vet Scand 37, 109–118 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03548123
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03548123