- Published:
Reduced Response to Intravenous Endotoxin Injections Following Repeated Oral Administration of Endotoxin in the Pig
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica volume 34, pages 405–419 (1993)
Abstract
Three prepubertal gilts were each given 100 mg of endotoxin (ET) in their ordinary feed rations, twice daily for 6 days; 3 other gilts received standard feed. Following ET feeding, all animals were injected intravenously (i.v.) with ET (1.0 µg/kg b.w.) once daily for 5 days. Blood samples were collected and analysed for hematology and total serum bile acids (S-BA), glutamate dehydrogenase (S-GLDH), calcium (S-Ca), iron (S-Fe), zinc (S-Zn) and a blood plasma metabolite (15-ketodihy-dro-PGF2a; P-PG) of prostaglandin F2a. The animals showed no apparent clinical symptoms following ET-feeding, neither did the blood analyses reveal effects of oral ET. However, when iv ET injections were given, the ET-fed animals showed fewer clinical signs of endotoxemia following the 2nd to 5th injection. S-BA and S-GLDH increased markedly in the standard-fed group following the first injection, while the ET-fed animals showed a much smaller increase in S-BA and no change in S-GLDH on that day. The difference in response may be explained by a direct uptake of ET from the gastrointestinal tract in the ET-fed pigs, making them less sensitive to the injected ET
References
Berczi I, Bertok L, Baintner K, Vereiss B: Failure of oral Escherichia coli endotoxin to induce either specific tolerance or toxic symptoms in rats. J. Path. Bact. 1968, 96, (481–486).
Bibby DC, Grimble RF: Effect of age on hypot–halamic Prostaglandin E2 production and fever in response to tumour necrosis factor (cachectin) and endotoxin in rats. Clin. Sei. 1991, 81, (313–317).
Burrel R: Immunomodulation by bacterial endotoxin. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 1990, 17, (189–208).
Cort N, Fredriksson G, Kindahl H, Edqvist L-E, Rylander R: A clinical and endocrine study on the effect of orally administered bacterial endotoxin in adult pigs and goats. J. vet. Med. 1990, A 37, 130–137.
Dinarello CA: Interleukin-1. Rev. Inf. Dis. 1984, 6, (51–95).
Deitch EA, Specian RD, Berg RD: Induction of early-phase tolerance to endotoxin-induced mucosal injury, xanthine oxidase activation, and bacterial translocation by pretreatment with endotoxin. Circ. Shock 1992, 36, (208–216).
Dobrowsky RT, Voyksner RD, Olson NC: Effect of SRI 63-675 on hemodynamics and blood PAF levels during porcine endotoxemia. Amer. J. Physiol. 1991, 260, (1455–1465).
Erlinger S: Role of intracellular organelles in the hepatic transport of bile acids. Biomed. Pharma–cother. 1990, 44, (409–416).
Fox ES, Thomas P, Broitman SA: Hepatic mechanisms for clearance and detoxification of bacterial endotoxins. J. Nutr. Biochem. 1990, 1, 620–628.
Freudenberg Μ, Galanos C: The metabolic fate of endotoxins. In: Levin J, {etet al.} (eds). Progress in Clinical and Biological Research, Bacterial Endotoxins, Pathophysiological effects, Clinical Significance and Pharmacological Control. New York: Alan R. Liss Inc., 1988, 272, (63–75).
Fruhman GJ: Endotoxins and leukocyte mobilization. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc. 1972, 12, (62–79).
Fujiki T, Kutsukake H, Imai K, Tanaka A: Protection of mice against bacterial infection by oral administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Microbiol. Immunol. 1988, 32, (1253–1258).
Gans Η, Matsumoto Κ: Are enteric endotoxins able to escape from the intestine? Proc. Soc. exp. biol. Med. 1974, 147, (736–739).
Goodman ML, Way Β A, Irwin JW: The inflammatory response to endotoxin. J. Path. 1979, 128, (7–14).
Goto H, Rylander R: Kinetics of inhaled lipopolysaccharide in the guinea pig. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1987, 110, (287–291).
Greisman SE: Induction of endotoxin tolerance. In: Nowotny A (ed). Beneficial effects of endotoxins. New York: Plenum Press, 1983, 149–178.
Härtung Τ, Wendel A: Endotoxin–inducible cytotoxi–city in liver cell cultures. II: Demonstration of endotoxin tolerance. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1992, 43, (191–196).
Holst H, Edqvist L-E, Kindahl H, Rylander R: Effects of oral and intravenous administration of endotoxin in prepubertal gilts. J. vet. Med. 1993, A40, 33–44.
Huber TL, Peed MC, Wilson RC, Goetsch DD: Endotoxin absorption in hay–fed and lactic acidotic sheep. Amer. J. vet. Res. 1979, 40, (792–794).
Hyldgaard-Jensen J, Palludan B, Panic B, Valenta M: Plasma enzymes of hepatic origin. Årsskr. K. Vet.-Landbohöjsk. 1969, 117–140.
Kroker R, Römer C: The significance of serum bile acid concentrations as indicator of hepatic dysfunction in the mini-pig. Zbl. Vet. Med. 1984, A31, 287–295.
Lang CH, Spitzer JA: Glucose kinetics and development of endotoxin tolerance during long–term continuous endotoxin infusion. Metabolism. 1987, 36, (469–474).
Markowitz ME, Rose JF, Mizruchi M: Circadian variations in serum zinc (Zn) concentrations: correlations with blood ionized calcium, serum total calcium and phosphate in humans. Amer. J. clin. Nutr. 1985, 41, (689–696).
Nolan JP: The role of intestinal endotoxins in gastrointestinal and liver diseases. In: Levin J, {etet al.} (eds): Progress in Clinical and Biological Research, Bacterial Endotoxins; Pathophysiological effects, Clinical Significance and Pharmacological Control. New York: Alan R. Liss Inc., 1988, 272, (147–159).
Portolés Μ Τ, Ainaga MJ, Municio AM, Pagani R: Intracellular calcium and pH alterations induced by Escherichia coli endotoxin in rat hepatocytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell. Res. 1991, 1092, (1–6).
Ravin HA, Rowley D, Jenkins C, Fine J: On the absorption of bacterial endotoxin from the gastrointestinal tract of the normal and shocked animal. J. Exp. Med. 1960, 112, (783–792).
de Rodriguez Turco EB, Spitzer JA: Eicosanoid production in nonparenchymal liver cells isolated from rats infused with E. coli endotoxin. J. Leukocyte Biol. 1990, 48, (488–494).
Rodriguez H, Kunavongkrit A: Chronical venous catheterization for frequent blood sampling in unrestrained pigs. Acta vet. scand. 1983, 24, 318–320.
Rylander R: Dept. of Environmental Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. 1989. (Unpublished observation).
Sanchez-Cantu L, Rode HN, Christou N: Endotoxin tolerance is associated with reduced secretion of tumor necrosis factor. Arch. Surg. 1989, 124, (1432–1435).
Spitzer JA, Deaciuc IV: Prostaglandin F2α stimulates gluconeogenesis in the perfused rat liver and this effect is blunted in livers from endotoxin infused rats. Agents. Actions 1990, 31, (341–344).
Stewart GA, Clarkson GT: Serum iron and iron binding capacity in the horse. Victorian Veterinary Proceedings 1969, 27, (25–26).
Tracey JD, Jensen AH, Allhands RV: Bile acid metabolism in the pig. Cornell Vet. 1986, 76, (128–138).
Truszczynski M, Pilaszek J: Effects of injection of enterotoxin, endotoxin or live culture of Escherichia coli into the small intestine of pigs. Res. vet. Sei. 1969, 10, (469–476).
Utili R, Abernathy CO, Zimmerman HJ: Cholestatic effects of Escherichia coli endotoxin on the isolated perfused rat liver. Gastroenterology 1976, 70, (248–253).
Vogel SN, Douches SD, Kaufman EN, Neta R: Induction of colony stimulating factor in vivo by recombinant interleukin la and recombinant tumor necrosis factor a. J. Immunol. 1987, 138, (2143–2148).
Wessels BC, Gaffin SL, Wells MT: Circulating plasma endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) concentrations in healthy and hemorrhagic enteric dogs: antiendotoxin immunotherapy in hemorrhagic enteric endotoxemia. J. Amer. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 1987, 23, (291–295).
Wray C, Thomlinson JR: The effects of Escherichia coli endotoxin in calves. Res. vet. Sei. 1972, 13, (546–553).
Yagoda C, Bylund-Fellenius A-C, Kindahl Η: Clinical and endocrine response to repeated daily administration of endotoxin in pigs. Acta vet. scand. 1988, 29, (267–269).
Zuckerman SH, Evans GF, Butler LD: Endotoxin tolerance: independent regulation of inter–leukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor expression. Infect. Immun. 1991, 59, (2774–2780).
Acknowledgement
The present study was supported by the Swedish Council for Forestry and Agricultural Research, and the Farmers Research Council for Information and Development. We thank Dr C. Hard af Segerstad and Dr J. Holmdahl for their help with the histopathological and parasitological examinations, respectively.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Holst, H., Edqvist, LE. & Kindahl, H. Reduced Response to Intravenous Endotoxin Injections Following Repeated Oral Administration of Endotoxin in the Pig. Acta Vet Scand 34, 405–419 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03548185
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03548185