Fig. 3
Heart rate, respiratory rate and SpO2. Mean values ± SD for heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and SpO2 during herniorrhaphy in pigs receiving an epidural injection of lidocaine (group L: black rhombus) or an equivalent volume of physiological saline (group C: grey squares) during azaperone-detomidine-butorphanol-ketamine anaesthesia. The X-axis shows the time in minutes relative to start of surgery at time 0. The time for epidural injection is indicated with an arrow below the X-axis. Recordings are shown until completion of herniorrhaphy at 35 min after incision. Significant differences over time compared with time 0 are denoted + (P < 0.05), ++ (P < 0.001), or +++ (P < 0.0001)