Table 4 Demonstration of peste des petits ruminants diagnostic spectrum and prototype assays undergoing development
From: Paradigm shift in the diagnosis of peste des petits ruminants: scoping review
Diagnostic technique | Reliability | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
Strengths | Limitation (s) | ||
Tentative diagnosis | Less costly | Unreliable due to presence of PPR related diseases | |
Virus culture and isolation | Discerns active infections | High overhead cost | |
Virus neutralisation test (VNT) | It is specific and able to discern PPRV exposure | Cannot be used as DIVA test | |
Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) | Simple and cheap | Low sensitive and is affected by prozone effect | |
Counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) | The test is fast, simple and cheap | Not free from prozone effect | |
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) | Suitable for routine diagnosis on large scale | Low sensitive compared to PCR | |
Haemagglutination (HA) test | Simple to perform and it is inexpensive | Non-specific | |
Haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) test | Fast and relatively easy to perform and easy to standardise | Works best with human blood group‘‘O’’ | |
Immuno-peroxidase test | Test is easy to perform | Test is less sensitive compared to RT-PCR | [109] |
Fluorescent antibody test (FAT) | The test is highly specific and able to detect active infection | High overhead cost and impracticable in the field setting | [116] |
Immunofiltration test | Pen-side test and serves to screen large sample size | Less sensitive compared to ELISA | [105] |
Immunochromatographic test | Rapid and does not require instrumentation | Less sensitive compared to IC-ELISA | [26] |
Luciferase immunoprecipitation system tests | Highly sensitive for sero-surveillance | Not DIVA test | [121] |
Pseudotype-based assays | No need of sophisticated facility | Technically demanding test | [122] |
Quantum dots-lateral flow immunoassay strips | Very rapid test and highly sensitive | Limited to previous exposure | [27] |
Surface Plasmon resonance-biosensor | Ultrasensitive diagnostic tools | Expensive and technically demanding | |
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | Highly sensitive and accurate | High maintenance cost | |
Reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification | Highly sensitive, cheap and rapid for pen-side test | Requires many primers | [29] |
Microarray | It allows multiple virus screening | Less sensitive compared to PCR | |
Reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification | Point of care diagnostics following miniaturisation | Sensitivity is low compared to RT-PCR | |
Sequencing platforms | Highly accurate for aetiologic agents confirmation | Costly and require expertise | |
Oxford nanopore MinION sequencers | Rapid and accurate for genomic surveillance in field settings | Requires extra efforts for monitoring signal to noise ratio in base detection | |