Table 1 Clinical findings in cows with torsion of the spiral colon (means ± sd, medians, 95% CI, frequency distributions)
From: Torsion of the spiral colon in cattle– a retrospective analysis of 58 cases
Variable | Finding | Number of cattle | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Heart rate | Normal (60–80 bpm) | 16 | 27.6 | |
(n = 58, median= 100 bpm, 95% CI = 88–112 bmp) | Mildly increased (81–100 bpm) | 17 | 29.3 | |
Moderately increased (101–120 bpm) Severely increased (121–176 bpm) | 12 13 | 20.7 22.4 | ||
Rectal temperature | Normal (38.5–39.0 °C) | 14 | 24.1 | |
(n = 58, median= 38.4 °C, 95% CI = 38.3–38.8 °C) | Decreased (35.7–38.4 °C) | 30 | 51.7 | |
Increased (39.1–41.3 °C) | 14 | 24.1 | ||
Respiratory rate | Normal (15–25 breaths per min.) | 19 | 32.8 | |
(n = 58, median = 28 breaths per min., 95% CI = 28–32 breaths per min.)Must be uncoulored | Increased (26–84 breaths per min.) | 39 | 67.2 | |
Rumen motility (n = 58) | Normal Decreased Absent | 4 27 27 | 6.8 46.6 46.6 | |
Foreign body tests (n = 50) | All negative At least one test positive1 | 37 13 | 74.0 26.0 | |
BSA and PSA on the left side (n = 57) | Both tests negative (normal) Only BSA positive Only PSA positive | 55 1 1 | 96.4 1.8 1.8 | |
BSA and PSA on the right side (n = 58) | Both tests negative (normal) Only BSA positive Only PSA positive Both tests positive | 7 14 6 31 | 12.1 24.1 10.3 53.5 | |
Intestinal motility (n = 58) | Normal Decreased Absent | 9 27 22 | 15.5 46.6 37.9 | |
Rectal findings (n = 58) | Normal findings Dilated loops of small intestines Dilatation of the caecum Dilatation and retroflexion of the caecum Dilatation and torsion of the caecum Dilatation of the spiral colon Unclear findings | 9 5 11 5 4 21 3 | 15.5 8.6 19.0 8.6 6.9 36.2 5.2 | |
Faeces, amount (n = 58) | Normal Faecal output reduced Rectum empty | 2 29 27 | 3.4 50.0 46.6 | |
Faeces, degree of comminution (n = 58) | Normal (well digested) Moderately digested Poorly digested Rectum empty | 28 1 2 27 | 48.3 1.7 3.4 46.6 | |
Faeces, consistency (n = 58) | Normal Thick pulpy Dry balls Thin pulpy Liquid Biphasic Rectum empty | 15 9 2 3 1 1 27 | 25.9 15.5 3.4 5.2 1.7 1.7 46.6 | |
Faeces, colour and abnormal contents in the rectum (n = 58) | Normal (olive) Dark Blood Mucus Fibrin More than one abnormality | 21 8 14 6 3 6 | 36.3 13.8 24.1 10.3 5.2 10.3 | |